The Legend of El Dorado

The Legend of El Dorado El Dorado was a legendary city apparently found some place in the unexplored inside of South America. It was supposed to be inconceivably rich, with whimsical stories recounted gold-cleared roads, brilliant sanctuaries and rich mines of gold and silver. Somewhere in the range of 1530 and 1650 or something like that, a great many Europeans looked through the wildernesses, fields, mountains, and streams of South America for El Dorado, a considerable lot of them losing their lives all the while. El Dorado never existed aside from in the fevered minds of these searchers, so it was rarely found. Aztec and Inca Gold The El Dorado legend had its underlying foundations in the tremendous fortunes found in Mexico and Peru. In 1519, Hernn Cortes caught Emperor Montezuma and sacked the compelling Aztec Empire, grabbing a great many pounds of gold and silver and making rich men of the conquistadors who were with him. In 1533, Francisco Pizarro found the Inca Empire in the Andes of South America. Taking a page from Cortes book, Pizarro caught the Inca Emperor Atahualpa and held him for deliver, winning another fortune simultaneously. Lesser New World societies, for example, the Maya in Central America and the Muisca in present-day Colombia yielded littler (yet at the same time huge) treasures. Would-Be Conquistadors Stories of these fortunes got out and about in Europe and soon a great many globe-trotters from all over Europe were advancing toward the New World, planning to be a piece of the following campaign. Most (yet not every one) of them were Spanish. These globe-trotters had next to zero individual fortune yet incredible desire: most had some experience battling in Europes numerous wars. They were vicious, merciless men who had nothing to lose: they would get rich on New World gold or bite the dust attempting. Before long the ports were overflowed with these eventual conquistadors, who might frame into enormous endeavors and set off into the obscure inside of South America, frequently following the vaguest bits of gossip about gold. The Birth of El Dorado There was a trace of legitimacy in the El Dorado legend. The Muisca individuals of Cundinamarca (present-day Colombia) had a custom: rulers would cover themselves in a clingy sap before covering themselves in gold powder. The ruler would then take a kayak to the focal point of Lake Guatavit and, before the eyes of thousands of his subjects watching from shore, would jump into the lake, developing clean. At that point, an extraordinary celebration would start. This custom had been disregarded by the Muisca when of their disclosure by the Spanish in 1537, however not before expression of it had arrived at the ravenous ears of the European gatecrashers in urban communities everywhere throughout the mainland. El Dorado, actually, is Spanish for the plated one: the term from the start alluded to an individual, the lord who canvassed himself in gold. As indicated by certain sources, the man who authored this expression was conquistador Sebastin de Benalczar. Development of the Myth After the Cundinamarca level was vanquished, the Spanish dug Lake Guatavit looking for the gold of El Dorado. Some gold was in fact found, yet not as much as the Spanish had sought after. In this way, they contemplated hopefully, the Muisca must not be the genuine realm of El Dorado and it should in any case be out there some place. Endeavors, made out of late appearances from Europe just as veterans of the victory, set out every which way to scan for it. The legend developed as unskilled conquistadors passed the legend by overhearing people's conversations starting with one then onto the next: El Dorado was not just one ruler, however a rich city made of gold, with enough riches for a thousand men to become rich until the end of time. The Quest Somewhere in the range of 1530 and 1650 or thereabouts, a large number of men made many invasions into the unmapped inside of South America. An ordinary undertaking went something like this. In a Spanish seaside town on the South American territory, for example, Santa Marta or Coro, a charming, powerful individual would report a campaign. Somewhere in the range of one hundred to 700 Europeans, for the most part Spaniards would join, bringing their own reinforcement, weapons, and ponies (on the off chance that you had a pony you got a bigger portion of the fortune). The undertaking would compel locals along to convey the heavier apparatus, and a portion of the better-arranged ones would bring domesticated animals (normally hoards) to butcher and eat en route. Battling hounds were constantly brought along, as they were valuable when battling pugnacious locals. The pioneers would regularly acquire vigorously to buy supplies. Following a few months, they were all set. The undertaking would take off, apparently toward any path. They would remain out for any time allotment from two or three months to up to four years, looking through fields, mountains, waterways, and wildernesses. They would meet locals en route: these they would either torment or employ with blessings to get data about where they could discover gold. Invariably, the locals pointed toward some path and said some variety of our neighbors toward that path have the gold you look for. The locals had immediately discovered that the most ideal approach to be freed of these impolite, rough men was to mention to them what they needed to hear and send them out the door. Then, diseases, renunciation, and local assaults would trim down the endeavor. By and by, the campaigns demonstrated shockingly versatile, conquering mosquito-pervaded swamps, swarms of furious locals, blasting warmth on the fields, overwhelmed waterways, and chilly mountain passes. In the end, when their numbers got excessively low (or when the pioneer kicked the bucket) the undertaking would surrender and get back. The Seekers of This Lost City of Gold Throughout the years, numerous men looked South America for the amazing lost city of gold. Best case scenario, they were offhand adventurers, who rewarded the locals they experienced moderately reasonably and helped map the obscure inside of South America. Even under the least favorable conditions, they were covetous, fixated butchers who tormented their way through local populaces, slaughtering thousands in their pointless mission. Here are a portion of the more recognized searchers of El Dorado: Gonzalo Pizarro and Francisco de Orellana: In 1541, Gonzalo Pizarro, sibling of Francisco Pizarro, drove a campaign east from Quito. Following a couple of months, he sent his lieutenant Francisco de Orellana looking for provisions: Orellana and his menâ instead found the Amazon River, which they followed to the Atlantic Ocean.Gonzalo Jimã ©nez de Quesada: Quesada set out from Santa Marta with 700 men in 1536: in mid 1537 they arrived at the Cundinamarca level, home of the Muisca individuals, which they quickly won. Quesadas undertaking was the one that really found El Dorado, in spite of the fact that the eager conquistadors at the time would not concede that the average takings from the Muisca were the satisfaction of the legend and they kept looking.Ambrosius Ehinger: Ehinger was a German: at that point, some portion of Venezuela was controlled by Germans. He set out in 1529 and again in 1531 and drove two of the cruelest campaigns: his men tormented locals and sacked their towns constantly. He was slaughtered by locals in 1533 and his men returned home. Lope de Aguirre: Aguirre was a fighter on Pedro de Ursã ºas 1559 undertaking which set out from Peru. Aguirre, a distrustful insane, before long turned the men against Ursã ºa, who was killed. Aguirre in the end assumed control over the campaign and started a rule of fear, requesting the homicide of a considerable lot of the first voyagers and catching and threatening the Island of Margarita. He was murdered by Spanish soldiers.Sir Walter Raleigh: this amazing Elizabethan subject is recognized as the man who acquainted potatoes and tobacco with Europe and for his sponsorship of the bound Roanokeâ colony in Virginia. In any case, he additionally was a searcher of El Dorado: he thought it was in the good countries of Guyana and made two excursions there:â one in 1595â and per second in 1617. After the disappointment ofâ the second undertaking, Raleigh was executed in England. Was It Ever Found? So,â was El Dorado at any point found? Kind of. Theâ conquistadorsâ followed stories of El Dorado to Cundinamarca but would not accept that they had discovered the legendary city, so they continued looking. The Spanish didnt know it, yet the Muisca development was the last significant local culture with any riches. The El Dorado they looked for after 1537 didn't exist. All things considered, they looked and looked: many endeavors containing a large number of men scoured South America until aboutâ 1800 when Alexander Von Humboldtâ visited South America and reasoned that El Dorado had been a fantasy from the beginning. These days, you can discover El Dorado on a guide, despite the fact that its not the one the Spanish were searching for. There are towns named El Dorado in a few nations, including Venezuela, Mexico, and Canada. In the USA there are no less than thirteen towns named El Dorado (or Eldorado). Finding El Doradoâ is simpler than ever†¦just dont expect boulevards cleared with gold. The El Dorado legend has demonstrated flexible. The thought of a lost city of gold and the frantic men who scan for it is simply unreasonably sentimental for journalists and specialists to stand up to. Incalculable melodies, storiesâ books, and sonnets (counting one by Edgar Allen Poe) have been expounded regarding the matter. There is even a superhuman called El Dorado. Moviemakers, specifically, have been entranced by the legend: as of late as 2010 a film was made about a cutting edge researcher who discovers signs to the lost city of El Dorado: activity and shootouts result.

Fitness Industry and Social Media Dangers

Wellness Industry and Social Media Dangers Could The Fitness Industry Be More Harmful At that point Helpful? Presentation Wellbeing can be characterized as â€Å"the state of being liberated from sickness and injury†. Anyway looking further into the word â€Å"health† gives you equivalent words, for example, â€Å"well-being; wellness; acceptable condition; great shape†. These words produce ideas with respect to the relationship of the wellness industry to the feeling of prosperity and great wellbeing. Since the First World War the attention on physical wellness has been an essential focal point of the Health status and discussion around medical problems in Canada and the United States. In Canada Health Canada and The Canadian Food Inspection Agency, and The Food and Drug Administration in the United States, are liable for the nourishing marks on the food we devour. These marks alongside the suitable food rules of nourishing admission should be the highest quality level for a person to keep up a degree of smart dieting one part of a solid way of life. With a solid eating routine, work out, and satisfactory rest, ought to in principle, empower a sound and long life. Be that as it may, imagine a scenario where the nourishments, the substances being devoured, aren’t precisely what they said they were. For sure if something showcased with one wellbeing objective, getting in shape, really demolished and harmed your kidneys all the while? In the Health Consumables Market the issue is whether Canada and the United States’ wellness industry’s have gotten counterproductive to the support of wellbeing. One significant issue are the guidelines and rules for wholesome data on items that are legitimately connected with the wellness business, for example, protein, Branch-Chain-Amino-Acids, creatine and fat misfortune items are excessively loose and frequently go untested[1]. A significantly more prominent impairment to the wellness business is that the individuals who advance these different wellness supplements on their web based life stages make unreasonable self-perceptions and accordingly further medical problems. Body issues and dietary problems further fuel the unregulated enhancement industry making a repeating mammoth that may advance wellbeing in a few yet thus does the inverse in others. What is expected to tame this monster are more tightly guidelines and principles for supplement items and a framework to control the advancement of these â€Å"Instagram stars† and their items. Could the wellness business at any point become an industry worth having faith in? CURRENT SUPPLEMENT REGULATIONS As of now enhancements and wellbeing items are administered by Health Canada. The Food and Drug Regulations work on a â€Å"test if needed† premise instead of on a required food-testing premise. The Food and Drug Regulations have a willful accommodation necessity. The organization presents their dietary name and item data to Health Canada and they guarantee it follows the dietary rules of what is permitted in products[2]. On the off chance that an item makes a case of either nourishment substance or sickness hazard decrease then the item itself will be submitted for testing to the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA)[3]. Once submitted to the CFIA they will decide if the case of a supplement esteem is available in the item so the name is detailing the right wellbeing substance. Malady decrease is additionally observed and estimated by CFIA to check whether the item guarantees are exact for example â€Å"Cheerios lessens heart disease†[4]. While deciding the security and the wellbeing cases of every item there are a number of basic issues: Industry is mindful for guaranteeing that nourishment naming and claims are consistent with the Food and Drug Regulationsâ and that name esteems precisely mirror the supplement substance of the product.A reasonable consistence test for the exactness of pronounced supplement esteems must mull over the intrinsic changeability of supplements in nourishments and the inconstancy of the research facility technique utilizing proper factual analysis.The CFIA compliance move will make into thought research facility results, yet in addition the wellbeing danger to general society, monetary misfortune to shoppers, past consistence history of the item and the companys quality command over the assembling and marking processes.[5] Strikingly CFIA and wellbeing Canada excluded a few nourishments from this thorough procedure and the prerequisite of presenting their item for wellbeing claims audit. Exemptions incorporate feast substitutions, dietary enhancements, mineral supplements or potentially amino acids. The United States surveys are led by a sub-segment of the Food and Drug Administration entitled Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN). CFSAN works comparably to the Canadian proportionate, CFIA, in that most of testing is done on an irregular not compulsory basis.â The makers are approached to present the item test results as delineated in the â€Å"Manufacturers Responsibility† measures: â€Å"FDAs proceeding with approach since the 1970s doles out the producer the obligation regarding guaranteeing the legitimacy of an item marks expressed supplement esteems. Likewise, the wellspring of the information used to ascertain sustenance mark esteems is the privilege of the maker, however FDAs arrangement suggests that the supplement esteems for marking be founded on item piece, as dictated by research center examination of every supplement. FDA keeps on suggesting the utilization of the Official Methods of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists International (AOAC), with non-AOAC Official Strategies utilized uniquely without fitting AOAC approved techniques. For every item that is remembered for a nourishment naming database submitted to FDA, the office demands that the designer incorporate a table distinguishing proposed systematic strategies that were utilized in the investigation of every supplement, with going with data containing approval of the strategy utilized by the on location or business research facility for the grid of interest.†[6] Anyway the FDA’s guidelines take into consideration a decision by every producer to utilize the non-AOAC Official Methods that gives them the capacity to â€Å"prepare† their numbers. The producer should likewise consent to Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations, which separates consumables into various classes of supplements as per the FDA[7]. There are three distinct classes of supplements: Class I: are those additional in braced or created nourishments, these supplements are nutrients, minerals, protein, dietary fiber, or potassium[8]. Class I nutrientsâ must be available at 100% or a greater amount of the worth pronounced on the mark; at the end of the day, the supplement content distinguished by the research facility investigation must be in any event equivalent to the mark value[9]. Class II: are nutrients, minerals, protein, all out starch, dietary fiber, other sugar, polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fat, or potassium that happen normally in a food product[10]Class II nutrientsmust be available at 80% or a greater amount of the worth announced on the label[11]. Class III: supplements incorporate calories, sugars, complete fat, soaked fat, cholesterol, and sodium[12]. Be that as it may, for items, for example, natural product drinks; juices; and candy stores; that have sugar substance of 90 percent or a greater amount of complete starch. To forestall naming irregularities due to some extent to adjusting, FDA regards all out sugar as a Class III supplement rather than a Class II nutrient[13]. For nourishments with name revelations of Class III supplements, the proportion between the sum acquired by research center investigation and the sum proclaimed on the item mark in the Nutrition Facts panelâ must be 120% or less. The name is viewed as out of consistence if the supplement substance of a composite of the item is more prominent than 20% over the worth pronounced on the label[14]. For instance, if a research center examination discovered 8 g of all out fat/serving in an item that expressed that it contained 6 g of all out fat/serving, the proportion between the lab esteem and the name worth would be (8/6) x 100 = 133%, and the item mark would be thought of to be out of consistence. Like the CFIA the FDA have dietary enhancements under an alternate classification enacted under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act 1994(DSHEA)[15]. These enhancements are required to observe these principles sketched out beneath: â€Å"Federal law necessitates that each dietary enhancement be marked thusly, either with the term dietary enhancement or with a term that substitutes a portrayal of the items dietary ingredient(s) for the word dietary (e.g., natural enhancement or calcium supplement). Government law doesn't require dietary enhancements to be demonstrated safe to FDAs fulfillment before they are advertised. For most cases made in the naming of dietary enhancements, the law doesn't require the producer or dealer to demonstrate to FDAs fulfillment that the case is precise or honest before it shows up on the item. When all is said in done, FDAs job with a dietary enhancement item starts after the item enters the commercial center. That is typically the agencys first chance to make a move against an item that presents a noteworthy or outlandish danger of sickness or injury, or that is in any case debased or misbranded. Dietary enhancement firms must answer to FDA any genuine unfriendly occasions that are accounted for to them by buyers or social insurance experts. Dietary enhancement makers don't need to get the agencys endorsement before creating or selling these items. It isn't lawful to advertise a dietary enhancement item as a treatment or remedy for a particular sickness, or to reduce the manifestations of a infection. There are constraints to FDA oversight of cases in dietary supplement naming. For instance, FDA surveys validation for claims as assets permit†[16]. The guidelines from the DSHEA really permit organizations to mama

Essential Hour

Essential Hour Our newest book, Essential, is now available as an unabridged audiobook read by our talented narrator, Justin Malik. Listen to Essential Listen to the first hour of this audiobook for free on YouTube, Facebook, or Soundcloud, or download the entire six-hour audiobook on: Audible iTunes Amazon If youd rather read the book, you can find the print and ebook versions here. Subscribe to The Minimalists via email.

Effective Communication Strategies For Patients With...

Engaging patients with chronic conditions typically begins in the primary care setting. The key players in this phase are the primary care provider and the health coach. The role of the primary care team is critical, but limited, in the patient engagement process. The main goal of the primary care team is to support the patient through the use of a tailored wellness plan based on the patient’s needs, values, and preferences. Here are a few effective communication strategies and discussion aids to initiate the patient engagement conversation. Motivational interviewing (MI) is a patient-centered technique that is associated with positive behavioral outcomes. This approach necessitates the building of rapport between you and the patient through non-judgmental discussions, engaging the patient, eliciting change talk, and evoking motivation to make positive behavioral changes. This communication style is different from the previous authoritarian model, where the care team member was responsible for making all the health decisions and the patient simply followed what was advised. The essential elements of MI are evocation (not education), autonomy (not authority), and collaboration (not confrontation). †¢ Evocation emphasizes the patient’s need to verbalize his own motivation and commitment to change. With evocation, the patient should be doing most of the talking. Your role is to focus on listening to the patient’s concerns. †¢ Autonomy means that the patient is in chargeShow MoreRelatedChronic disease managment771 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Chronic Disease Management What is self-management? Self-care management is defined as the behaviour employed by an individual in managing and implementing the treatment regimen within the individuals lifestyle routine and it recognizes an individuals central role in managing chronic diseases (Costantini et al., 2008). 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Patient centeredness is one of the six interrelated factors constituting high quality-care identified by 2000 Institute of Medic ine report. Patient-centered care can be defined as a healthcare setting in which patients are encouraged to be actively involved in their care, with a physical environment that promotes patient comfort and staff who are dedicated to meeting the physical, emotional, and spiritual needs of patients (Charmel Frampton

17 Free Spanish Worksheets to Help Test Your Knowledge

Try your hand at one of these free Spanish worksheets. Print one of them off to help you learn or reinforce your skills over numbers, colors, common phrases, and other Spanish basics. Youll also want to check out these free Spanish printables to help you learn Spanish. There are printable flashcards, alphabet printables, color chart posters, and more printables to help you learn new words and reinforce ones you know. Free Spanish Worksheets to Help You Learn Numbers Learning to count in Spanish is a good first step in learning the language. These free Spanish worksheets will help you learn your numbers in Spanish to make everything from counting money to finding streets easier. Spanish Numbers: A 12-page worksheet for testing if you know the numbers 1-10 in Spanish through various games, like counting the objects, matching the number with the Spanish word, and finishing a number series. Answers are included at the bottom.Counting in Spanish: This free Spanish worksheet with have you hunting around your home to find out how many items in certain categories you have. The answer must be written in Spanish.Learning Number Words in Spanish: Complete this worksheet by writing the Spanish number that goes in each blank. See How Well You Know Your Colors With These Free Spanish Worksheets Learning colors in Spanish is another basic skill to learn. These free Spanish worksheets will help you identify and write out colors. Rainbow Colors: Label the different parts of the rainbow with the right color. An answer key is included.I Know My Colors: Color each object with the color listed below each of them.Colors in Spanish: Learn the words for colors in Spanish that includes a pronunciation guide. More Free Spanish Worksheets Here are more free Spanish worksheets to help you with vocabulary and phrases concerning greetings, relatives, animals, body parts, shapes, and more. Adjective Quiz: A 32-word match questions. Write out the Spanish word that corresponds with the pictures and English adjectives.Mi Familia Interesante: Create descriptions of you and your family members using this worksheet of Spanish terms for relatives.Shapes: Test your knowledge of the Spanish translations for shapes with this printable worksheet. Just draw a line from the word to the shape. An answer key is located at the very bottom of the document, along with the correct way to pronounce the shapes in Spanish.  Possessive Adjectives: Learn about the possessive adjectives mi(s), tu(s), and su(s) in this free Spanish worksheet.Word Match Quiz for Introductions: Read the English words or phrases and see if you can correctly match them up with the Spanish equivalents from the word list. Answers are located at the very bottom of the last page.Singular Pronouns: Fill in the blank to complete these Spanish sentences that are missing singular pronouns. These are multiple-choice, and every answer is shown for you at the bottom of the final page.Greetings in Spanish: Learn phrases in Spanish so you can have a simple and friendly introduction in Spanish.Common Words and Phrases: Anser each question in Spanish and translate English statements to Spanish.The Weather: Look at the pictures and write the correct Spanish phrase to identify the weather event.About My Family: In this Spanish worksheet, youll be reading questions about your family that are in Spanish, and youll need to answer the questions in Spanish.Practice With Location Phrases: Fill in the blank with the Spanish word that makes sense in the sentence and with the picture. Theres a word bank included.

An ethnohistory of the utah paiutes Free Essays

Dr. Ron Holt is a dignified socio-cultural anthropologist specializing in applied fieldwork and tribal politics. He currently resides in northern Utah as a professor (among many other things) at Weber State University where he educates young minds on the world of anthropology. We will write a custom essay sample on An ethnohistory of the utah paiutes or any similar topic only for you Order Now The collection of information in this text covers every important aspect of the life of the American Indian Paiute tribe with a main emphasis on their introduction to the Anglo-Americans. Throughout the text Dr. Holt emphasizes many occurrences regarding the co-existence of American Indians and Anglo Americans and despite a few positive outcomes, nearly every influential aspect of the whites is to be understood as a negative one. Dr. Holt vividly depicts the introduction of the white man and makes a valid point in designating who the instigator of the degradation of the Paiutes was. A main emphasis on his writing of this book is to display the truth behind the Paiute struggles and reveal what they went through as a people. Before the publishing date of this text in 1992 the life of the Paiutes had been vaguely documented. Through personal field work, material in the LDS archives, the Smithsonian Institute and many other sources such as journals and university archives, Dr. Holt was able to obtain a topical and chronological collection of information regarding the entire known existence of the Utah Paiutes since the year they were first witnessed in 1776. In 1981 while teaching at Southern Utah College (now Southern Utah University) Dr. Holt was asked by a local Paiute tribesman to research a potential reservation plan for the Utah Paiutes, an American Indian band of that area. This being an opportunity for Dr. Holt to produce a dissertation for his schooling he took the offer and ultimately produced a one-of-a-kind collection of American Indian knowledge. Through extensive field work and research, material was gathered and organized into data pertaining to the lives of the Paiutes. From this collection the text BENEATH THESE RED CLIFFS was produced. The beginning of the first chapter in this text introduces the reader to a specific way of life for a specific kind of people. After obtaining a feeling of understanding and curiosity about the Paiutes, the text throws the reader into an eternal downward spiral of bad news and depression. As documented, within a very short one hundred and fifty year span, the proud native people of southern Utah were greatly reduced in numbers and transformed from successful hunter-gatherers into beggars and seasonal or part-time workers. The main cause of their depression is seriously attributed to the settlement of the Mormons in the southern Utah area. The Paiutes were a dark skinned people that had a historical religious meaning to the Mormons known as Lamanites. From this historical belief the Mormons decided the Paiutes needed to be educated and â€Å"saved† from whatever their previous way of life was. Although the church believed they were doing good by taking over control of the Paiutes they conveniently turned a blind eye to the side effects of assimilation and paternalism which ultimately led to the downfall of the Paiute Nation. They were forced to beg for much of what they lived on because their foraging lands were being dominated by grazing cattle and incoming settlers. To add to their list of troubles in the 1800’s the Paiutes had to deal with population declination due to New Mexican and Ute slave trafficking. Targeting mainly female children and women, the reproduction rate of the Paiutes was severely crippled. With ratios of nearly two-to-one for men to women, the Paiutes had limited means of procreation. Without women to gather food and mate with the tribe was staring death in the face. After the catastrophic introduction to whites and slavery pre 1900s, a surviving life style for the Paiutes started to become a little more manageable. Ironically during the Great American Depression in the 1930’s and 1940’s the Paiutes struggled a little less because the rest of the American nation had it so hard. Through manual labor for the Mormons and seasonal foraging for Pine Nuts and other edibles, the Paiutes survived living one day at a time, but this was to be short lived. In the 1950’s the government decided to â€Å"Terminate† all American tribes deemed capable of surviving on their own. Termination was a swift process that was intended to initiate capable American Indians to the stature of a Citizen of The United States of America; the Paiutes were not prepared for the termination bill, but in 1957 it happened anyway. The bill organized a support system for the new way of life that all terminated American Indians would have to assist them with the transformation. The structure of this ingenious plan consisted of three support organizations: The BIA (Bureau of Indian Affairs) withdrawal office, an educational and vocational training program held by the University of Utah and the BIA relocation program. The Paiutes were now no longer part of a tribe; they were instead â€Å"Citizens of The State,† who were subject to state laws, federal taxes and state taxes. After termination the Paiutes were desperate for a substantial income. Their bands had inhabited over nearly 30 million acres of land in areas including four states: Arizona, California, Utah and Nevada; this was without a doubt their most valuable asset. In 1965, after a long demeaning process, the Paiutes agreed to sell 26. 4 million of these acres for 27. 3 cents per acre. With the sale of tribal lands the Paiutes had their substantial influx of money and were able to become a self sustaining people again. The 1970’s initiated the restoration process which turned the Paiutes back into a recognized American Indian group, but their struggle to recover from termination continues today. How to cite An ethnohistory of the utah paiutes, Papers

Life of Celia Cruz free essay sample

The talented singer was born on October 21, 1925, in the Santo Suarez neighborhood of Havana. Her singing talent was obvious even when she was young, but instead of pursuing a career in singing, she studied to be a teacher. This was because her father told her that he did not believe that singing was a worthwhile profession for a woman. Still, she went after a career in singing, after encouragement from her mother, teacher and aunt. Celia Cruz began singing in talent shows and doing recordings for radio stations, but neither were sold for money. Her first recordings were made in 1978 in Venezuela with the Turpial label. She sang these with the Leonard Melody and Alfonso Larrain orchestras. In 1950, she was called in to be the lead singer of a Cuban band, La Sonara Matancera. At first, the public did not like her, because she was black, but eventually, because of her hard work, talent and the fact that the orchestra stood by her, the public accepted her, and she became famous throughout Cuba. Celia was a member of La Sonora for fifteen years, and then in July 15, 1960, she decided to migrate to the United States to pursue her singing career. It only took her one year to become a legal citizen of the US. After becoming a citizen in 1961, Cuban Communist leader Fidel Castro was furious and barred Cruz returning to Cuba, enforcing the ban even after her parents’ deaths. Celia for her part has vowed not to return to Cuba until such time as the Castro regime is disposed. Although Celia Cruz had made numerous recordings with La Sonora Mantancera, she experienced little success in the United States in the 1960s. She spoke English well, but she refused to record in the language. Younger Latin Americans at the time were gravitating away from big-band dance music and toward rock-and-roll, in both Latin and non-Latin inflections. Celia’s fortunes began to improve when she meshed her talents with those of the musicians and bandleaders who were creating the new music called salsa—chief among them Tito Puente, Johnny Pacheco and Willie Colon. Salsa was firmly rooted in Cuban dance traditions, but it was high-energy new hybrid that incorporated elements of jazz, traditional Afro-Caribbean rhythms, and other forms. Celia on stage was a commanding figure whose control over audiences resulted not only from her flamboyant, stage-filling attire, but also from her ability to engage them in call-and-response patterns that spring from salsa’s Afro-Cuban roots. Celia was any music promoter’s dream because of the added value she brought to every contract. She offered more than just interesting musical interpretations: Celia transformed herself into a stage image projected well beyond any performance. Her magic included a distinctive orchestra sound, staging, scenery, and props, backup choruses, and a lot of color and special effects. Celia was very fond of sunglasses. They had to be prescriptions and she ordered them in exaggerated sizes and adorned with small, bright-colored stones to make them more festive. Wigs were the second most important prop for Celia in the creation of her image. Besides Queen of Salsa, she could also be considered Queen of Wigs. She had them in every color – though she preferred blond or silver – and every style, to cover her curly hair. This artist with the chameleon image confided that her collection of wigs was not extravagant, that it seemed so only because they were coiffed in different styles each time. Wigs were one of her stage trademarks. From the beginning of her singing career, Celia Cruz was a permanent guest at Cuban radio stations. In the times before television, radio programs enjoyed large audiences, not only on the island but in the whole Caribbean area, where area waves carried without difficulty. In Cuba, as well as in Latin America, musical programs and soap operas were tremendously popular. Radio provided practically the only entertainment beside movies, which also attracted large audiences. Celia’s first experience as an actress came to her through her friendship with Maria Teresa Coalla, who created a character especially for Celia in a soap opera broadcast by Radio Progreso in the fifties. Her director was Bernardo Pascual, who was then married to Delia Fiallo, later famous in Miami as a soap opera scriptwriter. Celia was afraid of ridicule, but her friends and colleagues at the radio station encouraged her with only one advice: to be herself, without imitating any other actress. Her success was overwhelming. The rival station also had a soap, Divorciadas, with the highest rating, but after Celia joined it bypassed the competition. The best actress award that year went to Celia. One of Celias performance trademarks is a full-throated shout of Azucar! (Sugar! ); she explained its 1970s origins in a 2000 Billboard interview. I was having dinner at a restaurant in Miami, and when the waiter offered me coffee, he asked me if I took it with or without sugar. I said, Chico, youre Cuban. How can you even ask that? With sugar! And that evening during my show I told the audience the story and they laughed. And one day, instead of telling the story, I simply walked down the stairs and shouted Azucar! Celia might be compared with US jazz vocalist Sarah Vaughan in her ability to bring vocal techniques to a primarily instrumental music, but she has a more essentially popular appeal than any jazz singer. Seemingly indestructible vocally, Celia continued a full schedule of concerts and recordings throughout the 1980s and beyond. She received a Grammy award for the album Ritmo en el corazon, recorded with conga player Ray Barretto, in 1990, as well as an honorary doctorate from Yale University. Still a major star in her own right, Celia became an inspiration for numerous younger performers (such as Gloria Estefan) in the 1990s; her audience hardly aged along with her. Weve never had to attract these kids, she told Time. They come by themselves. Rock is a strong influence on them, but they still want to know about their roots. For most Latin Americans, indeed, Celia Cruz has been and remains a much-loved figure, an icon of Latin culture. There were simply three great loves in Celia’s life: Pedro Knight, music and of course, Cuba. Celia’s love life has been a secret well kept by those close to her. Hector Ramirez Bedoya revealed in his Historia de la Sonora Mantancera y sus estrellas (History of the Sonora Mantancera and its Stars, 1996); Celia was engaged for a while to Alfredo Leon, a young bass player and the son of Bienvenido Leon, member of the noted Septeto Nacional. An old photo of Celia, wearing full, flowery skirt and singing into a microphone, shows Alfredo accompanying her on the tumbadora. How Celia and Pedro fell in love is a modern day fairy tale. Theirs was an affection that grew out of friendship; developing slowly until eventually it led them to the altar. As Pedro tells it, â€Å"We got to know each other while working with the Sonora, and became fast friends. There is no way to say when our romance started. Celia was a sensible, reliable young woman, and in time our friendship turned to love. Neither of us thought that we were going to end up getting married one day, but that’s what happened. † When Celia and Pedro Knight met, he was still married to his first wife, with whom he had six children. A year after Celia joined the Sonora, in 1950, Pedro obtained his divorce. Their courtship had been very discreet, but one day Rogelio Martinez heard about the blossoming romance from one of the orchestra members. After a ten-year courtship, Pedro finally convinced Celia to marry him. They were married on Saturday, July 14, 1962, in a simple ceremony before a Connecticut judge. Singer Rolando Laserie was their best man; his wife, Tita Borggiano, was the matron of honor; and Laserie’s manager, Catalino Rolon, a witness. By then Celia was already thirty-six and Pedro thirty-nine. Because Celia was still mourning over the death of her mother, Ollita, there was no party or honeymoon. Their marriage took place a short time after the death of her mother, a moment she could not share with her family because the Cuban government did not allow her to reenter her country. So Pedro, according to Celia, replaced both her mother and her father. During a routine exam, Celia’s physician detected cancer in the breast, the same illness that killed her mother. In August, at the Hackensack Hospital in New Jersey, Celia underwent surgery to remove her left breast, and in September she returned to the hospital for a second operation. The whole situation was handled with the utmost discretion, and not even her closest fans got the news. Celia did not want her fans to pity her because of her illness. The headaches the she began experiencing after her first operation were becoming worse, and she also suffered from fainting spells and shivering. Back in New York, she underwent intense testing, which confirmed the fatal diagnosis: a brain tumor. Despite the optimism that always had characterized her, she could not help feeling depressed when the results if the pathological tests came in. they confirmed that the excised tumor was malignant. Later, three additional inoperable tumors were detected in her brain. After resting in Hawaii and upon her return to New York, Celia finished the necessary paperwork to establish a nonprofit organization devoted to benefitting the musical education of young Hispanics, and to raising funds for the fight against cancer. On February14, 2003, the Fundacion Celia Cruz was officially created for those important causes. Monday July 14 was her forty-first wedding anniversary. Pedro knelt beside her and whispered, â€Å"Happy anniversary, my love. † A tear ran down Celia’s cheek, but she said nothing, returning to the stupor induced by her medications, and she finally took refuge in an unconscious state. On Wednesday morning, it appeared that the battle had been lost. Surrounding her was her loved ones: Pedro Knight; Cuqui Pacheco; her manager and adopted son, Omer Pardillo-Cid; her niece, Linda Becquer-Dakota; her sister Gladys; her friends Luis and Leticia Falcon; and two nurses Celia Cruz, the legendary singer of Afro-Cuban rhythms, la Guarachera de Cuba and Queen of Salsa with a happy â€Å"tumbao,† died at 4:55 in the afternoon. Her marvelous voice is still with us through her recordings and her luminous call to joy, Azucar! will be with us forever. She was a very kind person that gave back hope and inspired many singers, as well as others of different industries. Celia demonstrated to the world that anything you set your mind to be possible with effort and drive. Sometimes life can be difficult and as a single mother with a full time job and now also a part time student, it seems harder than ever, but with that same spirit determination and drive that Celia had until the end. BIBLIOGRAPHY Marceles, Eduardo. Azucar! The Biography of Celia Cruz. New York: Reed Press, 2004

Oxygen free essay sample

In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information clearly and using specialist terms where appropriate. The salt called potassium chloride is made when potassium hydroxide solution reacts with hydrochloric acid. potassium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid ? potassium chloride + water solution solution Describe a method for making crystals of potassium chloride from potassium hydroxide solution and hydrochloric acid. In this method you should: ? Do not write outside the box escribe how you will add the correct amount of the hydrochloric acid

Promote Your Writing On Facebook

Promote Your Writing On Facebook Promote Your Writing On Facebook Promote Your Writing On Facebook By Guest Author This is a guest post by Lela Davidson. If you want to write for Daily Writing Tips check the guidelines here. Love it, hate it, or tolerate it, Facebook is here, maybe not to stay- because nothing is changing faster than media- but it’s here now. Facebook is an important way to reach readers and network with clients, fellow writers, and editors. I use Facebook every day to engage readers (and potential readers), and to network with those who can help me reach more readers. Through significant daily interactions, ‘branded’ messages, and posting links to my work, I hope to build that all important ‘platform’ we someday-to-be-bestsellers need. A Short History of a Reluctant Facebook Junkie I opened my Facebook account under duress. A client required links from a Facebook profile to the blog posts I’d written. I’d already tried (and given up on) social bookmarking sites like Digg and Stumble and I resented the extra time it took to pimp my posts. I wanted to be a writer, not waste time working the system of you-click-my-link-I’ll-click-yours. However, in the short time the assignment lasted, I got hooked on Facebook. Interacting With Readers and Others Chatting up old friends on Facebook was training for how I use it now, which is more strategic, but not too different. I’ve branched out from my ‘real’ friends, embracing the concept of â€Å"Facebook Friends,† who may or may not be people I actually know IRL (in real life- do the kids still say that?). The decision about what to share and with whom is the biggest challenge for writers wanting to use Facebook for professional networking. For me it has been a seamless transition from my friends, to their friends, and beyond because most of what I write is personal. If I’m writing about the hair balls in my bathroom for a magazine essay, I don’t mind telling you about them in my status bar. Facebook allows me to engage readers and convert would-be readers, by giving them a preview of my longer writing. Keeping Your Distance If you don’t want to get too personal with readers you set up a Page, which is different from a Profile. Readers can become fans of your page and this fan status shows up in the information section of their profiles. Interaction from a page is limited, but it’s better than nothing. In addition to frequent status updates, it’s also extremely important to comment on your Facebook Friends’ status and links. This is interactive media. If all you do is talk about yourself, eventually no one will listen. Developing a Platform Both established and aspiring writers need a platform in order to sell their work. In Get Known Before the Book Deal, author Christina Katz defines platform as: . . . all the ways you are visible and appealing to your future, potential, or actual readership. Katz emphasizes that platform development is important not only for authors, but also for aspiring and soon-to-be authors. Interaction with your Facebook Friends builds the foundation of your relationship so that when you post a link, they may read it or pass it along via the Share function of Facebook. This lets every one of their Facebook Friends know that 1) it exists, and 2) they think it’s cool enough to be associated with. And Finally, Posting Those Links Wherever you are in your writing career, you have a core fan base of people who like what you write because they like you- family, friends, neighbors. Even my ‘real’ friends who aren’t interested in my writing are still interested in me. Maybe their friends and family might like what I’m writing. Facebook is the easiest way for them to share my stuff. The more I interact with them the more they are likely to find something they like. When that happens, the spread can be viral. I hope. It’s important to note that links are different from status updates. They don’t show up in your status bar, and unless they get a lot of Likes (thumbs up) or comments, they may not show up in your Facebook Friends’ news feeds either. I don’t feel like I’m pestering people with my links if I occasionally post more than one in a day. Also, when I’m commenting on someone else’s status, sometimes it’s natural to include a link. For example, I write a lot on family topics so whenever someone posts a status about their kid losing a tooth, I’ll comment with a link to an essay I wrote about the inflation of Tooth Fairy payouts. Friending Editors and Fanning Magazines As my essays have started to get picked up in more print magazines, I try to Friend the editors and become a Fan of the magazine’s website. (Sorry, fellow DWT guest author, but Friending and Fanning are verbs.) A lot of print magazines publish online versions. When the piece runs, I post a link, as well as thanking and tagging the editor in my status update. Before an editor has bought something of mine, we can connect as Facebook Friends. Though we may never meet in person, Facebook savvy gives me an edge over the hundreds of other writers hitting the inbox. Many of those editors use the same email on Facebook as they do for submissions, so I use Facebook’s automated ‘Find Friends’ utility to identify them. When it comes to social media there are no experts. So jump in- from wherever you are- and play. That’s what I did. Facebook has expanded my reach, helped build my ‘platform’, and put me in direct contact with readers, clients, and editors. It can do the same for you. Lela Davidson’s award-winning column, After the Bubbly, appears regularly in Peekaboo magazine, and periodically in other magazines throughout the country. She is the parenting columnist on HubPages and a regular contributor to ParentingSquad. Find out more on her wildly entertaining blog. Or just Google her. She loves to be Googled.    Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Using "a" and "an" Before WordsHow Long Should a Paragraph Be?Mankind vs. Humankind

The Contributions of the FIFA world cup 2010 to the Local Businesses Dissertation

The Contributions of the FIFA world cup 2010 to the Local Businesses in South Africa - Dissertation Example This type of activity is regarded as one of the most fastidious importance to emerging economies and growing commercial countries, such as South Africa. However, comparatively small work has been completed by researchers to reveal the effect of mega-events, such as the football world cup, on informal as well as formal sectors in emerging economies. Known the comparative size as well as strength of the involvement made by informal sector to different economic activities in the developing part of the world, it has been significant to consider â€Å"how an event like the world cup may help shape the entrepreneurial potential of informal and formal sector participants† (Venter et al., 2012, p.449). This paper is aimed at providing a detail analysis of different contributions made by this world cup on the local businesses of the country. FIFA world cup and economy of South Africa: It has been well-established that super-events are most expected to possess a considerable effect on t he business as well as socio-economic development of the host nations and localities. Commanding as well as hosting of mega-events, such as the football world cup, has been a means through which regions compete in respect to attracting as well as retaining greater volume of capital mobility through place improvement. Also with the help of re-imaging as well as regeneration of local businesses of these regions has been realised. Particularly, sport hallmark as well as mega-events, which have been hosted on either as a one-off basis or as regular basis, has been transformed as increasingly important in the contemporary period of globalisation. Some of the most high profile illustrations of these super-events would incorporate the â€Å"Olympic Games, the Rugby and Cricket world cups, and the FIFA soccer world cup†. These events have been provided to create greater level of emphasis on the development of industrial as well as agricultural sector of the developing countries. Sout h Africa being a developing country has also been expected to be greatly helped by the mega-events like the soccer world cup. Several other important works have been discussed by several other researchers regarding the fact that tourism and travel industry of the developing countries of the world (du Plessis and Maennig, 2010, p.2). Key aspects of concern in regard to the hosting of super-events mainly in the developing part of the world relate to process of optimising their effects for economic as well as social development. These issues are also related to the building of greatest level of national identity along with significant volume of foreign policy effects. The distributional as well as allocative benefits of hosting super-events in the developing countries of the world have been scrutinised with many vital observers. These observers have suggested that widespread growth or development benefits cannot be considered as a necessary corollary of the process of hosting of these types of super-events. This is due to the fact that the marginalised groups can be given little benefit (Venter et al., 2012, p.450). Positive contributions in South Africa: Even though potential opportunities for medium as well as large businesses related to the strategy of hosting of super-events has obtained significant amount of academic notice, limited consideration has been intended for the

History of Ireland Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

History of Ireland - Essay Example In 1973 Ireland became a member of the European Union. [01] The heart of the country is limestone- floored lowland bounded on the south by the Armorican ridges and on the north and west by the Caledonian mountains. This lowland is open to the Irish Sea for a distance of 90 km between the Wicklow Mountains and the Carling ford peninsula, giving easy access to the country from the east. It also extends westwards to reach the Atlantic Ocean along the Shannon Estuary, in Galway Bay, in Clew Bay and again in Donegal Bay. Numerous hills break the monotony of the lowland which rises westward towards the coast in County Clare where it terminates in the cliffs of Moher, one of the finest lines of cliff scenery in Western Europe. [02] Much of Ireland was covered by ice during the Pleistocene period. This ice finally melted away about twelve thousand years ago, leaving behind evidence of its former presence in most of the minor physical features of the landscape. Throughout the greater part of the lowland the bedrock is hidden by glacial deposits which, in the north central part of the country, form a broad belt of small hills (drumlins). The glacial cover also modified the early drainage pattern and in places created groundwater conditions which facilitated the growth of peat bogs. [02] Caught in the recede and flow of the last Ice Ages over the last ... The sea level dropped 130 m (426 feet) or more during the interval from around 30,000 to 15,000 years ago, when Ireland became part of continental Europe [again], and sea levels have been generally rising ever since, albeit at a much slower rate. The image to the left represents the land mass of Europe near the time of the last glacial maximum (minus the ice sheets and the ocean water). Take a close look at the "British peninsula" and the outline of Ireland and Great Britain upon it. [05] In and around 20,000 years ago the area that would later reform the British Isles was mainly covered by a thick sheet of ice. This was during the last maximum expansion of the polar ice caps when sea levels were about 120 meters lower than today. To get another view of the British Isles when they were not islands, see this Pleistocene age reconstruction (circa 18000 radiocarbon years ago) of the outline of the European continent, or also see here. After about 9000 BC, the climate again warmed, the juniper spread, and the birch appeared in large numbers for the first time. Pine, elm and other forest trees also appeared, and Ireland began a long-term process of forestation. Other plants and animals crossed the land bridges as well. Red deer, wild boar, possibly bears, red squirrels, pine-martens, Wolves, foxes, stoats, and eagles and other birds of prey took up residence. Fish and game birds were soon present in abundance. [05] The first definite evidence of human settlement in Ireland dates from 8000 to 7000 BC. They are known from early archaeological findings to have made an appearance in the far north in the lower Bann valley near present-day Coleraine and in the southwest in the Shannon estuary. Later they are thought to spread northeast along the coast of

Effects of Vote Buying in the Philippines

Effects of Vote Buying in the Philippines It is common knowledge that once you enter politics you are ready to any eventuality, especially when it comes to funding. Money always play a major role in bringing about the chances of winnning of a candidate. Popularity per se is not enough to assure the vote of the electorate especially in local politics. Although the COMELEC has already set guidelines and rules regarding the expenditures of the candidadates for each voter, more often than not, they exceed much more than the set amount. Corruption and dishonesty is deeply rooted in our political system, so as the mentality and attitudes of the electorate. Before and during election period, voters flock to headquarters and leaders of politicians to take advantage of the situation: to ask for favors, influence and even money in exchange for a promise of vote. Vote buying become institutionalized in our political system. Those politicians who have money can device a program to identify and to assure that his or her money will be tra nsformed into votes. This situation is more evident in local elections where wealthy political clans are ruling. They organized leaders in every barangay to identify possible voters to be bought. To make sure, they furnish a copy of voters registration in COMELEC in the area, so as to identify a potential voter to buy or to corrupt the mind of the undecided. In a poor country like ours, it is not impossible to have a power because our politicians know our vulnerability to pressure and our hardships in life. Majority of our electorate are poor and no means of livelihood, no education to back them up and they just resign themselves to taking alms and reliefs. They take advantage of our weaknesses but we cannot blame those who sell their votes. Filipinos minds are set for any answers that are immediate. That is why even when the act is illegal and unlawful, like selling votes, they instanlty resort to it to easily come up with a solution to their problem, like poverty. On the long run, the vote buying will only be a stepping stone for corruption and fiefdom perpetration. WHAT IS VOTE BUYING? -Vote buying involves the individual, immediate, and private exchange of goods, services, or cash for electoral support, usually in violation of legal norms- Hickens, 2006 -most recurrent violation of election ethics Most prevalent form of election fraud. Dispensing of money to opinion-makers, leaders, and directly to voters economic exchange (Schaffer, 2002) -(page 1) research on electoral politics in San Isidro, Bataan- vote buying and vote selling can be understood no longer as an economic transaction between those who sell their freedom and those who buy them in the hope of regaining their investments when they get into powerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ from the standpoint of ordinary peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ elections are the times when equality and justice are temporarily achieved as their patrons fulfill their financial obligations to support them in times of need (Ibana, 1996, 130-131). -voters sells his or her vote to the highest bidder (Schaffer, 2002) apparent efforts by parties or candidates to influence electoral choices through the delivery or promise of material benefits to voters (Schedler, 2002) -Material favors are grabted to obtain electoral support (Schedler, 2002) TYPES OF VOTE BUYING Vote buying can be categorized into two types: direct vote buying and indirect vote buying. Both types are widely used in the case of the Philippines although the idea of direct vote buying serves as the more popular act. DIRECT VOTE BUYING It is the most common type of vote buying where direct payments, in many forms, are given to the voter. It may be in the form of cash donations, shares of stock or a promise of a particular plan of action or payment in exchange for a promise of vote (Dekel, E., et. al., 2004). INDIRECT VOTE BUYING It is a kind of vote buying done in a non obvious and staightforward approach. This type of vote buying uses campaign strategies that target the weaknesses of the electorate. Here in the Philippines, the strategy of the candidates is to use and take advantage of the different Filipino traits. Example of these traits are our values of utang na loob (an act of voluntary assistance that creates an obligation that the receiver must attempt to repay through reciprocal assistance), pakikisama, our close family and kinship ties, our religiousness, and other social values like loyalty, support and trust. They effectively use the various traits to influence and temp us to follow their selfish plans. Bava (1998) gave a concrete example on how this character capitalization happens. Different parties and candidates hire poll watchers and workers who are tasked to distribute sample ballots for their party. Each poll watchers and ballot distributors are given 1500 pesos and 500 pesos respectively, per day of work from 7 am to 3 pm. A poll watcher only needs 4 things in order to land the job: 1) a ballpen 2) a tally sheet 3) at least 18 years of age and 4) a registered vote (Bava, 1998). The last requirement is the most important and advantageous in the part of the candidates. If the hired person is a registered voter, the employer will be sure that the employers vote will go to him or her. A person offered with this kind of job will definitely take the oppurtunity given all the privileges and comfort that it can give.. They can earn almost 1500 pesos a day by just distributing pamphlets and sample ballots. Adding to the convenience is the free meals given to them by their employer. A nd if the candidate won in the elections, most of them are given permanent jobs in various government offices. This is where indirect vote buying takes place. This act, according to Bava (1998), displays the Filipino trait of utang na loob. If a person has done something good to us, we would do anything and everything to return that goodness. In this case, the poll watchers and other employees will feel obligated to vote the candidate/employer because of the job that was given to them. FORMS OF VOTE BUYING Money is the common type of material that the candidates use in order to buy votes. But vote buying not only takes the form of money. It can be other forms of material offers. Schedler (2002) and Schaffer (2002) made a list that summarizes the different kinds of offers into three categories. The first and the most common form is payment. A payment is an amount of money paid. Schedler (2002, p.4) described it as a commercial relationship in which partners trade equivalent values. The citizen trades his vote in exchange of money. The act of accepting money denotes that there is an indirect agreement between the giver and the receiver of the payment. The second kind of material offer takes the form of gifts. A gift is something that is given out of free will without paying something in return. In the context of vote buying, accepting a gift does not give you the responsibility and obligation of voting the giver. The last kind is in the form of wage. A wage is a amount of money paid in exchange of services rendered. Like gifts, it does not require any obligation to the candidate. FACTORS AFFECTING VOTE BUYING According to Schaffer (2002), there are three factors that affect the strategies of the candidates and the perception of the voters toward vote buying. These are socioeconomic, institutional and political factors. The first factor both affects the candidates strategies and the voters perception while the last two factors affect mainly the strategies of the candidates. SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS One of the socioeconomic factor is the social class (Hicken, 2006). The formulation of the different strategies are influenced by social classes existing in society. The candidate must make a strategy that can produce strong and favorable impressions on people from different walks of life. It should cater to the needs of the entire high, middle and low class population. But it is impossible to come up with such strategies given that there is a massive gap and conflicting interests present among these social classes. Different social classes connotes different needs and expectations. A strategy that might work to the lower class might be ineffective to the middle and higher class or a strategy that may be good to the higher class might harm those belonging in the lower class. Adding to the problem is the unequal number of population belonging to a certain social class. In the Philippines, the population of the lower class is greater than the population of the middle and higher class c ombined. The solution to these is to focus the strategy to those who constitute the majority. The easiest and most effective strategy to garner votes is to buy the votes of those who are included in this majority (which is the lower class). It will be very effective since those who belong in this class are financially unable who need money to sustain their everyday living. This scenario is very prevalent in the Philippines since many are members of the lower class. Almost all politicians who are running in office are focusing their campaign on the less fortunate because to them, greater number of voters means more number of votes and more number of votes means greater chances of winning. The second socioeconomic factor is education (Hicken, 2006) which affects the voters view about vote buying. For the high and some middle class voters, vote buying is a deviant and somehow an immoral behavior. Those in the higher and middle class are strong attackers of this practice. They are advocates of different anti-vote buying campaigns and they are known for organizing movements that educate the people about this kind of campaign strategies. They have this kind of opinion because education teaches them about this kinds of things. But for some middle class and most in the lower class (who cannot afford to have a higher education), they accepted vote buying because they perceive it as the time when they can receive free money that they can use to buy their necessities. INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS Hicken (2006, p. 48), stated that the rules and institutions under which candidates must operate can influence their incentives to purchase electoral support. Different institutional factors may encourage or discourage the use of vote buying. One institutional factor is the electoral system itself (Hicken, 2006). Under this factor is the district magnitude. It affects the strategy of the candidate because large constituency means larger amount of money needed to buy votes. Large district also has influence on the manner of distribution of the money. The strategy will be more expensive and costly since the distribution of money will take much longer and there should be an increase in the number of employees to properly accomplish the strategy. As a result, candidates will lessen the amount of money to be distributed to the people in order to prioritize other campaign strategies. POLITICAL FACTORS Political factors are different conditions and circumstances in society that affect the creation of various policies political choices. One of the variable under this factor are the election laws, particularly the anti-vote buying laws (Hicken, 2006). The degree of execution of different anti-vote buying laws affect how candidates device their strategy and distribution plans. In the Philippines, vote buying is illegal yet it continues to occur probably because of inefficiency of the laws and the law enforcers and the light punishments that will be given to the law breaker. There is no strict regulation of such laws in our country that is why the practice of vote buying is still a widespread act. More often than not, the law enforcers themselves are the protector of this scheme. BUDGET SOURCES The first thing that comes into our minds when we talk about vote buying is money. Money is the vital element of vote buying. It is the foundation of any vote buying scheme. We usually think that all vote buying funds are coming from the pockets of the candidates since most of them are members of the elite. But I think that the candidates are smart enough not to make use of their own wealth and to think of other alternative ways of budget sources. Some candidates most likely get their vote buying budget from their own political parties. Others accept donations from different business sectors given the condition that if they win the elections, they will repay them by giving them economic benefits and government protection. For example, the candidate accepted the donation from a construction company. If the candidate won the elections and plans to carry out road projects, he or she will be obliged to make the company the contractor of the said projects. Other candidates resort in getting illegal funds. Candidates who seek re-election have the advantage when it comes to money resources because they can easily tap pork barrel and other government funds. Some ask the help of drug syndicates, smugglers, kidnappers, gamblers and robbers to provide them with untraceable funds. It is true because we can observe that many crimes and illegal acts are happening during the election season. In return, the candidates give them financial support and protection. DIFFERENT STRATEGIES OF VOTE BUYING A carefully devised plan of action is needed to successfully carry out plans, especially if act is illegal. Candidates and politicians are wise in strategizing the effective way to buy the votes of the people. Usually, they even hire experts and professionals who are knowledgeable in fields concerning illegal campaign scheming. One specific strategy to ensure that the money given was translated into vote is what Bionat (1998) called Lanzadera system. In this strategy, the watchers give the voters an already completed ballot which will be dropped by the voters in the ballot box. After dropping the already completed ballot, the voter, then, takes with him or her the blank ballot and give it to the watcher. The watcher will complete that ballot and give it to the next paid voter. In this system, the money is given only if the voter returns with a blank ballot. I interviewed people from our barangay in Bulakan, Bulacan about the chronic vote buying in our place. They had first hand experiences on how vote buying takes place in our town. Based from that interview, I was able to learn other strategies and series of actions on how the scheme of vote buying happens. According to them, vote buying is usually conducted a night or two before the election day, usually around eight in the evening until midnight. Each politicians has their own leader per community who is responsible for the identification of supporters and potential vote buying targets. They are also responsible in delivering the money to the house of the identified voters, at times in the apperance of paying the watcher. The intense vote buying is very evident and common in our place that the people are the ones coming and lining up in front of the politicians headquarters to ask for the money. Another strategy done by the candidates is getting the trust of barangay officials and other community leaders. In this way, the candidate can almost assume his or her hold in the community. The local leaders, then, are given large amount of money in exchange of buying the votes of their constituencies on behalf of the politician or the candidate. One more strategy that was mentioned by my neighbors is buying non-supporters. Candidates will offer those non-supporters with a huge amount money. If they accept it, they will not be allowed to come out of their houses on the day of the election. There will be someone who will serve as a watchman that will ensure that the voter will abide to the agreement. Some politicians, in order to be extra sure, hire a bus that will take all the paid non-supporters to an out-of-town trip on the election day. Another startegy is the taking advantage of the politicians on our deep family and kinship ties. Some politicians use a relative or an influential member of a clan to convince members of the family and close friends to accept the money and to vote for that politician. Vote buying also happens during the election day itself as said by the interviewees. Buying may take the form of 100 pesos attached to the sample ballot. There are also ways in order to ensure that the paid voter will comply to the agreement. Before giving the money, they are required to give proofs that they voted that candidate. Usually, they bring with them a carbon paper or they are asked to take a picture of the ballot with a cellphone camera. Others asked the voters to make an agreed mark (a particular fold for example) on the ballot to serve as an identification in the course of the counting of the votes. REASON WHY POLITICIANS BUY VOTES The primary reason why politicians buy votes is the hunger for power. Vote buying is a form of desperation to remain in power. Many politicians fight for the privelege of power because it implies influence and control over other individuals. They see power as the easiest way to achieve fame and fortune. Candidates want to perchase the vote of the people to obtain domination on different public organizations as mechanisms. They are not afraid to spend a big amount of money because the moment they win the elections, they can recover much more money than that was paid to the individuals who sell their votes. REASONS WHY PEOPLE SELL THEIR VOTES According to the April 2007 of the Social Weather Station (SWS), one in two of the registered voters think that there is nothing bad in accepting the money offers from the candidates (refer to Figure 1). Others may not see this from of money-giving as an attempt to buy their votes. They accept the money but it does not necessarily mean that they will vote for that candidate. Another reason is the offer seems as an opportunity to get the money, that was stolen by the politicians, back to the people. They might as well accept the offered money since it came from the taxes of the people. The April 2007 SWS survey also found that those in the rural areas were more probable in accepting money compared to those who live in urban areas (refer to Table 1). This shows that the primary reason for the selling of votes is poverty. Those who live in or below the poverty line mostly are unemployed individuals. They accepted the money because they needed it. For the poor, payment for a vote can mean a week without hunger. They just accept the offer because for them, dignity and pride cannot create food and money. Some may see elections as the only chance to obtain something from the government. They have this view that it is an obligation of a candidate to give money and other material things to their supporters. There are some reasons that we can consider negative in the part of the voters. People accept payments because they are being threatened. Most of the times, material offers are accompanied with terror, making the offer difficult to refuse. Figure 1. In an election, it is not bad to accept money provided one votes according to ones conscience. Source: http://www.sws.org.ph/pr070503.htm Table 1. Rural areas approved accepting money compared to those in the urban areas. Source: http://www.sws.org.ph/pr070503.htm IS REFORM POSSIBLE? For the past few years, many have attempted to stop and eliminate the practice of vote buying in the Philippines. They even formed different organizations that promotes the values of an honest election. But none of them actually succeeded. Probably the most successful technique that was done to eradicate vote buying is the campaign against vote buying through different public service posters (see Illustration 1, Illustration 2 and Illustration 3). Successful in the sense that it enables the public to gain information that the act of vote buying is wrong. But it did not really help in the removal of this unacceptable practice. Illustration 2: 3M public service ad, May 2001. blinded by money. Vote with your conscience. Source: Schaffer, 2005 Illustration 1: Namfrel Public Service Ad, May 2001. Your vote is valuable, it doesnt have a price. Your character is priceless. So, in this election, dont sell your character, dont sell you vote. Source: Schaffer, 2005 Illustration 3: Red Horse Beer public service ad, May 2001. A little pocket change wont put you ahead. Dont ask for a bribe. Vote for a good candidate. Source: Schaffer, 2005 A reforms aims to change the behavior of the candidates and the the voters HISTORY OF VOTE BUYING IN THE PHILIPPINES Vote buying is not just a recent development in Philippine elections. Its existence started with the coming of foreign colonizers and continued to flourish and evolve with the advancement of new technologies and the development of new ideas. Pre-colonial elections in the Philippines did not have vote buying because the leadership was assumed not through election but through succession. The same thing goes probably with the elections during the early Spanish period (17th to 18th century). I did not find any account stating that there was vote buying but I assume that there was none because there was no elections and the leaders were only appointed by the Spaniards. In the late Spanish period (19th century), Spanish colonial control in the Philippines declined as the Philippine revolution started. The revolution led to the development of a government established by Aguinaldo. Under this government, most officials were selected individuals from the principalia class and elections were only held for higher positions. There was no large scale elections during that time so vote buying was not an option. The coming of the American period started vote buying in the Philippines. The Americans gave all Filipinos the right to rule and the right to vote. Act No. 60, which became the organic law for all municipal governments, started the elite rule in the Philippines (Tangcangco, 1988). The Act provided a requirement that only allowed the elites to vote and participate in elections. The elites became powerful and they may have realized the advantage that the position can give them.They became accustomed to the power that was once denied by the Spaniards. From then on, in order to sustain this power, they did whatever means and costs to be elected in office. Here are some of the documented instances of vote buying from the American period until the present period. In the 1929 Elections (during the American period), money was very essential in the campaign period. Money was used to pay-off rivals to withdraw their candidacy, to buy the votes of the people, to threathen the people, and to bribe campaign leaders of the rival candidate. (Banlaoi Carlos, 1996). In 1940 Local elections (Commonwealth period), Money was again a very important tool. Specific example for this one is the case of Pedro Abad Santos of the Socialist Party. He was predicted as the winner of the gubernatorial race in the province of Pampanga because of his massive popularity to his constituents but his wealthy opponent won the election by almost 7000 votes. There was no evidence of the strategies his opponent had used but the Abad Santos camp was really sure that his opponent used his money to buy the votes of the people. Another example was the electoral protest of Dr. Hilario Moncado against Tomas Cabili. They were fighting for a congressional seat in Lanoa province. Moncado accused Cabili of unlawful campaign by promising free legal services and employment for those who will vote for him. (Banlaoi Carlos, 1996) In the 1949 National Elections (during the post-independence period), all forms of fraud and manipulation were reportedly done by President Elpidio Quirino to ensure his position as president. Quirino and his other candidates used massive and whole-sale vote-buying in forms of money, jobs and pork barrel. It was reported that Quirino had used almost four million pesos during his election campaign. The three provinces where the massive vote buying occurred include Negros Occidental, Nueva Ecija and Lanao. (Banlaoi Carlos, 1996) The 1969 Presidential and Congressional Elections was between The Nacionalista Party and the Liberal Party. This was considered as the bloodiest and dirtiest election (Banlaoi Carlos, 1996, p.111) prior to the Martial law period. Both parties reportedly used different techniques to ensure their victory. These included cheating, ballot stuffing and massive vote buying. It was stated in the reports that the Nacionalista Party and the Liberal Party spent around 700 million pesos and 300 million pesos respectively. Those money came from the pork-barrel funds and was used as media fees and in buying votes. (Banlaoi Carlos, 1996). During the Martial law period, all kinds of wholesale fraud were committed including vote buying. In order to capture the loyalty of the rural people, Marcos personally distributed 4000 pesos to every barrio captain during his campaign. The barrio captains were tasked to divide the money among the inhabitants of the barrio. (Abueva, 1970). In the 1992 elections, there was a ban on media advertisements so the candidates had more cash to spend on their campaigns. Feliciano Belmonte, Quezon City congressional candidate at that time, was reported to have given cash and free tickets to Hongkong during his campaign. (Bionat, 1998) The media advertisement was also banned in the 1995 elections. According to Bionat (1998), mayors in Cebu received a bonus of 50,000 to 100,000 pesos for campaigning the 12 senatorial bets of the administration. Like what Marcos did, candidates also bought the votes of the grassroots leader. The difference is that the value of their support was more expensive. Barangay captains accepted a minimum of 500 pesos and a maximum of 20,000 pesos from the candidates. (Bionat, 1998) In the 2004 Presidential elections, Arroyo commited almost all kinds of fraud according to Tuazon (2006). One example is the Oplan Mercury that was exposed by Rudy Galang (one of the brains of this idea). The goals of this plan is to use public funds to the campaign, to provide money to local officials and to buy the support of those in the opposition. (Tuazon, 2006). Elections in the Philippines from pre-colonial era to the present shows how we incorporate influences of colonial rule into our political system. The good and bad effects of these interventions became part of the changes in Philippine elections. History tells us that the face of Philippine elections has never really changed. We still continue to perfrom the practices of the past. The difference now is that it just assumes new shape and form. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION giving up your rights to vote/ selling ones ethical standards -Vote buying-short term effects are long term. Soon after the election, its pay back time. Reform must start in the smallest unit of the society, which is the family. Our family should inculcate in us the values of honesty and transparency and the importance of a single vote to the development and progress of the country. Change must start within ourselves. Anti-vote buying campaigns will not succeedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Vote buying is not a native Filipino idea. It was only an reflection of our colonial experience. But this experience manifest in us that it became a constant scenario in every elections. History has an indirect effect on the start of vote buying in the Philippines. The desire for self-rule that was forbidden to the Filipinos for almost 300 years was suddenly bestowed to us that it might have created the idea of doing whatever it takes (may it be good or bad) to preseve and uphold this right.

Globalisation and Cross Cultural Management

Globalization and cross cultural management Case: globalization of health care- shortage of radiologists in the US and demand is twice as large as the rate of graduation. Solution is to send Images over the internet to be interpreted by radiologists in India? In 2004 170,000 triggers visited India for medical treatments and is expected to grow at 15% for the next several years Globalization: The shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy. Globalization of markets: the merging of distinctly separate national markets into a global market place.This includes falling barriers to cross border trade (which have made It easier to sell Internationally), the convergence of global tastes and preferences and the development of standardized products suited to a world market. Difficulties with the globalization of markets generally arise from significant differences among these national markets, country specific marketing strategies and varied product mixes. Globalization of production: refers to the sourcing of goods and services from locations around the world to take advantage of differences In the cost or quality of the factors of production (land, labor, capital).Increasingly companies are taking advantage of modern communications technology, and particularly the Internet, to outsource service activities to low cost producers in other nations. Outsourcing of productive activities to difference suppliers results in the creation of products that are global in nature. Impediments to the globalization tot production include: formal and informal barriers to trade, barriers to FED, transportation costs. Issues associated with economic risk and Issues associated with political risk. Drivers of globalization: Two macro factors seem to underlie the trend toward greater globalization.These Include- * decline In barriers to the free flow of goods, services and capital that has occurred since WWW * technological change Declining trade and Investment barriers: During the sass's and ass, many of the nation states of the world erected formidable barriers to international trade and FED. Advanced industrial nations of the west committed themselves after WWW to removing barriers to the free flow of goods, services and capital between nations. Technology: Lowering of trade barriers made globalization possible; technology has made it a real TTY.Since the end tot 2 the world NAS seen advances in miscommunication, information processing and transportation technology. Advantages of globalization: * Lower prices for goods and services * economic growth stimulation * increase in consumer income * creates Jobs * countries specialist in production of goods and services that are produced most efficiently Disadvantages of globalization: * Destroys manufacturing Jobs in wealthy, advanced countries * Wage rates of unskilled workers in advanced countries declines * companies move to countries with fewer labor and environment regulations * loss of sovereignt y What is culture? Culture is coherent (each fragment of a culture makes sense if you now the whole tapestry of culture), Culture is learned (families, friends, media), Culture is the view of a group of people (nation, religion, clan, family), culture ranks what is important (values) and culture furnishes attitudes and dictates behavior. There are two main elements of culture. These include: on stage or visible elements of culture and back stage or invisible elements of culture. Transactional culture is the culture that develops when cultures meet and have to collaborate (I. E an NC).Model of culture: Artifacts and Products Explicit Onstage-culture Norms and Values Off-stage culture Basic Assumptions Implicit Off stage culture: includes aspects such as the Susie culture where we give everybody a fair go, and the Chinese culture where they have the importance of Guiana in society and not losing face, or in Thai culture where there is a high respect for superiors and harmony/balance. Understanding dimensions and theories of culture part one (Trampers) What is culture? : Culture is acquired knowledge that people use to interpret experience and generate social behavior.This knowledge forms values, creates attitudes, and influences behavior. Characteristics tot culture: * Learned * Shared * Trans-generational Symbolic * Patterned * Adaptive A model of culture: Understanding culture: Cultures do not vary in essence (people spend their time trying to solve similar problems) but in their preference for certain solutions. Egg is how to treat a flu (sickness) in a country. Understanding culture is to understand the underlying meanings attached by a given community/group of people to those universal concepts and activities, and to the behaviors they incur.Values in culture: Values are learned from the culture from which the individual is reared. Differences in cultural values may result in varying management practices ND involve the basic convictions that people have abo ut right and wrong, good and bad etc. Value similarities and differences across cultures: 1 . Strong relationship between level of managerial success and personal values 2. Value patterns predict managerial success and can be used in selection/placement decisions 3. Country differences in relationship between values and success; however findings across US, Japan, Australia and India are similar 4.Values of more successful managers favor pragmatic, dynamic, achievement oriented and active role in the interaction with others 5. Values of less successful managers tend toward tactic and passive values; relatively passive roles in interacting with others How culture affects managerial approaches: * Decentralized and Centralized decision making: In some societies, top managers make all important organizational decisions. In others, these decisions are diffused throughout the enterprise, and middle and lower level managers actively participate in, and make, key decisions. Safety Vs. Risk: In some societies, organizational decision makers are risk averse and have great difficulty with conditions of uncertainty. In others, risk taking is encouraged, and decision making under Individual Vs. Group rewards: In some countries, uncertainty is common. Personnel who do outstanding work are given individual rewards in the form of bonuses and commissions. In others, cultural norms require group rewards, and individual rewards are frowned upon. * Informal procedures Vs. formal procedures: In some societies, much is accomplished through informal meaner.In others, formal procedures are set forth and followed rigidly. * High organizational loyalty vs. low organizational loyalty: In some societies, people identity very strongly with their organization or employer. In others, people identify with their occupational roof, such as engineer or mechanic. * Cooperation Vs. Competition: Some societies encourage cooperation between their people while others encourage competition between the ir people. * Short term Vs. Long term horizons: Some cultures focus most heavily on short term horizons, such as short-range goals of profit and efficiency.Others are more interested in long-range goals, such as market share and technological developments. * Stability Vs. Innovation: The culture of some countries encourages stability and resistance to change. The culture of others puts high value on innovation and change. Trampers' Cultural Dimensions: . Universalism Vs. Particulars: Universalism implies that ideas and practices can be applied everywhere. High universalism countries have lots of formal rules and closely adhere to business contracts (egg Canada, US, HECK).Particulars is where the circumstances dictate how ideas/practices apply; high particulars countries often modify contracts (egg China, South Korea) 2. Individualism Vs. Communitarian's: Individualism focuses on people as individuals. Countries with high individualism stress personal and individual manners- they ass ume great personal responsibility (egg Canada, Thailand, US, Japan). Communitarian's is where people regard themselves as part of a group. They value group related issues, committee decisions and Joint responsibility (egg Malaysia). 3.Neutral Vs. Emotional: Neutral is a culture where emotions are not shown and people act stoically and maintain composure (egg Japan and UK). In emotional, emotions are expressed openly and naturally- people smile a lot, talk loudly and greet catheter with enthusiasm (egg Mexico, Netherlands, Switzerland). 4. Specific Vs. Diffuse: Specific is defined as a large public space shared with others and their small private space if guarded closely. High specific cultures the people are open and extroverted, with a strong separation between work and personal life (egg UK and US).For diffuse, public and private spaces are similar size, where the public space is guarded because it is shared with the private space; people are indirect and introverted with their wo rk/ private life being closely linked (egg China, Spain). 5. Achievement Vs. Ascription: Achievement oriented is a status based on how well functions are performed (Austria, US). An ascription function is status based on who or what the person is (China, Indonesia). 6. Time: Sequential is where here is only one activity at a time, appointments are kept strictly and plans are followed as they are laid out (US).Synchronous involves multi tasking and making approximate appointments alongside schedules that are subordinate to relationships (egg France, Mexico). Present Vs. Future: Future more important in Italy, US; Present more important in Venezuela, Indonesia; all three time periods equally important in France and Belgium. 7. The Environment: Inner directed is where people believe in the control of outcomes (US, Greece, Japan) and outer directed is where people believe in letting things take their own course (China,