The Legend of El Dorado

The Legend of El Dorado El Dorado was a legendary city apparently found some place in the unexplored inside of South America. It was supposed to be inconceivably rich, with whimsical stories recounted gold-cleared roads, brilliant sanctuaries and rich mines of gold and silver. Somewhere in the range of 1530 and 1650 or something like that, a great many Europeans looked through the wildernesses, fields, mountains, and streams of South America for El Dorado, a considerable lot of them losing their lives all the while. El Dorado never existed aside from in the fevered minds of these searchers, so it was rarely found. Aztec and Inca Gold The El Dorado legend had its underlying foundations in the tremendous fortunes found in Mexico and Peru. In 1519, Hernn Cortes caught Emperor Montezuma and sacked the compelling Aztec Empire, grabbing a great many pounds of gold and silver and making rich men of the conquistadors who were with him. In 1533, Francisco Pizarro found the Inca Empire in the Andes of South America. Taking a page from Cortes book, Pizarro caught the Inca Emperor Atahualpa and held him for deliver, winning another fortune simultaneously. Lesser New World societies, for example, the Maya in Central America and the Muisca in present-day Colombia yielded littler (yet at the same time huge) treasures. Would-Be Conquistadors Stories of these fortunes got out and about in Europe and soon a great many globe-trotters from all over Europe were advancing toward the New World, planning to be a piece of the following campaign. Most (yet not every one) of them were Spanish. These globe-trotters had next to zero individual fortune yet incredible desire: most had some experience battling in Europes numerous wars. They were vicious, merciless men who had nothing to lose: they would get rich on New World gold or bite the dust attempting. Before long the ports were overflowed with these eventual conquistadors, who might frame into enormous endeavors and set off into the obscure inside of South America, frequently following the vaguest bits of gossip about gold. The Birth of El Dorado There was a trace of legitimacy in the El Dorado legend. The Muisca individuals of Cundinamarca (present-day Colombia) had a custom: rulers would cover themselves in a clingy sap before covering themselves in gold powder. The ruler would then take a kayak to the focal point of Lake Guatavit and, before the eyes of thousands of his subjects watching from shore, would jump into the lake, developing clean. At that point, an extraordinary celebration would start. This custom had been disregarded by the Muisca when of their disclosure by the Spanish in 1537, however not before expression of it had arrived at the ravenous ears of the European gatecrashers in urban communities everywhere throughout the mainland. El Dorado, actually, is Spanish for the plated one: the term from the start alluded to an individual, the lord who canvassed himself in gold. As indicated by certain sources, the man who authored this expression was conquistador Sebastin de Benalczar. Development of the Myth After the Cundinamarca level was vanquished, the Spanish dug Lake Guatavit looking for the gold of El Dorado. Some gold was in fact found, yet not as much as the Spanish had sought after. In this way, they contemplated hopefully, the Muisca must not be the genuine realm of El Dorado and it should in any case be out there some place. Endeavors, made out of late appearances from Europe just as veterans of the victory, set out every which way to scan for it. The legend developed as unskilled conquistadors passed the legend by overhearing people's conversations starting with one then onto the next: El Dorado was not just one ruler, however a rich city made of gold, with enough riches for a thousand men to become rich until the end of time. The Quest Somewhere in the range of 1530 and 1650 or thereabouts, a large number of men made many invasions into the unmapped inside of South America. An ordinary undertaking went something like this. In a Spanish seaside town on the South American territory, for example, Santa Marta or Coro, a charming, powerful individual would report a campaign. Somewhere in the range of one hundred to 700 Europeans, for the most part Spaniards would join, bringing their own reinforcement, weapons, and ponies (on the off chance that you had a pony you got a bigger portion of the fortune). The undertaking would compel locals along to convey the heavier apparatus, and a portion of the better-arranged ones would bring domesticated animals (normally hoards) to butcher and eat en route. Battling hounds were constantly brought along, as they were valuable when battling pugnacious locals. The pioneers would regularly acquire vigorously to buy supplies. Following a few months, they were all set. The undertaking would take off, apparently toward any path. They would remain out for any time allotment from two or three months to up to four years, looking through fields, mountains, waterways, and wildernesses. They would meet locals en route: these they would either torment or employ with blessings to get data about where they could discover gold. Invariably, the locals pointed toward some path and said some variety of our neighbors toward that path have the gold you look for. The locals had immediately discovered that the most ideal approach to be freed of these impolite, rough men was to mention to them what they needed to hear and send them out the door. Then, diseases, renunciation, and local assaults would trim down the endeavor. By and by, the campaigns demonstrated shockingly versatile, conquering mosquito-pervaded swamps, swarms of furious locals, blasting warmth on the fields, overwhelmed waterways, and chilly mountain passes. In the end, when their numbers got excessively low (or when the pioneer kicked the bucket) the undertaking would surrender and get back. The Seekers of This Lost City of Gold Throughout the years, numerous men looked South America for the amazing lost city of gold. Best case scenario, they were offhand adventurers, who rewarded the locals they experienced moderately reasonably and helped map the obscure inside of South America. Even under the least favorable conditions, they were covetous, fixated butchers who tormented their way through local populaces, slaughtering thousands in their pointless mission. Here are a portion of the more recognized searchers of El Dorado: Gonzalo Pizarro and Francisco de Orellana: In 1541, Gonzalo Pizarro, sibling of Francisco Pizarro, drove a campaign east from Quito. Following a couple of months, he sent his lieutenant Francisco de Orellana looking for provisions: Orellana and his menâ instead found the Amazon River, which they followed to the Atlantic Ocean.Gonzalo Jimã ©nez de Quesada: Quesada set out from Santa Marta with 700 men in 1536: in mid 1537 they arrived at the Cundinamarca level, home of the Muisca individuals, which they quickly won. Quesadas undertaking was the one that really found El Dorado, in spite of the fact that the eager conquistadors at the time would not concede that the average takings from the Muisca were the satisfaction of the legend and they kept looking.Ambrosius Ehinger: Ehinger was a German: at that point, some portion of Venezuela was controlled by Germans. He set out in 1529 and again in 1531 and drove two of the cruelest campaigns: his men tormented locals and sacked their towns constantly. He was slaughtered by locals in 1533 and his men returned home. Lope de Aguirre: Aguirre was a fighter on Pedro de Ursã ºas 1559 undertaking which set out from Peru. Aguirre, a distrustful insane, before long turned the men against Ursã ºa, who was killed. Aguirre in the end assumed control over the campaign and started a rule of fear, requesting the homicide of a considerable lot of the first voyagers and catching and threatening the Island of Margarita. He was murdered by Spanish soldiers.Sir Walter Raleigh: this amazing Elizabethan subject is recognized as the man who acquainted potatoes and tobacco with Europe and for his sponsorship of the bound Roanokeâ colony in Virginia. In any case, he additionally was a searcher of El Dorado: he thought it was in the good countries of Guyana and made two excursions there:â one in 1595â and per second in 1617. After the disappointment ofâ the second undertaking, Raleigh was executed in England. Was It Ever Found? So,â was El Dorado at any point found? Kind of. Theâ conquistadorsâ followed stories of El Dorado to Cundinamarca but would not accept that they had discovered the legendary city, so they continued looking. The Spanish didnt know it, yet the Muisca development was the last significant local culture with any riches. The El Dorado they looked for after 1537 didn't exist. All things considered, they looked and looked: many endeavors containing a large number of men scoured South America until aboutâ 1800 when Alexander Von Humboldtâ visited South America and reasoned that El Dorado had been a fantasy from the beginning. These days, you can discover El Dorado on a guide, despite the fact that its not the one the Spanish were searching for. There are towns named El Dorado in a few nations, including Venezuela, Mexico, and Canada. In the USA there are no less than thirteen towns named El Dorado (or Eldorado). Finding El Doradoâ is simpler than ever†¦just dont expect boulevards cleared with gold. The El Dorado legend has demonstrated flexible. The thought of a lost city of gold and the frantic men who scan for it is simply unreasonably sentimental for journalists and specialists to stand up to. Incalculable melodies, storiesâ books, and sonnets (counting one by Edgar Allen Poe) have been expounded regarding the matter. There is even a superhuman called El Dorado. Moviemakers, specifically, have been entranced by the legend: as of late as 2010 a film was made about a cutting edge researcher who discovers signs to the lost city of El Dorado: activity and shootouts result.

Fitness Industry and Social Media Dangers

Wellness Industry and Social Media Dangers Could The Fitness Industry Be More Harmful At that point Helpful? Presentation Wellbeing can be characterized as â€Å"the state of being liberated from sickness and injury†. Anyway looking further into the word â€Å"health† gives you equivalent words, for example, â€Å"well-being; wellness; acceptable condition; great shape†. These words produce ideas with respect to the relationship of the wellness industry to the feeling of prosperity and great wellbeing. Since the First World War the attention on physical wellness has been an essential focal point of the Health status and discussion around medical problems in Canada and the United States. In Canada Health Canada and The Canadian Food Inspection Agency, and The Food and Drug Administration in the United States, are liable for the nourishing marks on the food we devour. These marks alongside the suitable food rules of nourishing admission should be the highest quality level for a person to keep up a degree of smart dieting one part of a solid way of life. With a solid eating routine, work out, and satisfactory rest, ought to in principle, empower a sound and long life. Be that as it may, imagine a scenario where the nourishments, the substances being devoured, aren’t precisely what they said they were. For sure if something showcased with one wellbeing objective, getting in shape, really demolished and harmed your kidneys all the while? In the Health Consumables Market the issue is whether Canada and the United States’ wellness industry’s have gotten counterproductive to the support of wellbeing. One significant issue are the guidelines and rules for wholesome data on items that are legitimately connected with the wellness business, for example, protein, Branch-Chain-Amino-Acids, creatine and fat misfortune items are excessively loose and frequently go untested[1]. A significantly more prominent impairment to the wellness business is that the individuals who advance these different wellness supplements on their web based life stages make unreasonable self-perceptions and accordingly further medical problems. Body issues and dietary problems further fuel the unregulated enhancement industry making a repeating mammoth that may advance wellbeing in a few yet thus does the inverse in others. What is expected to tame this monster are more tightly guidelines and principles for supplement items and a framework to control the advancement of these â€Å"Instagram stars† and their items. Could the wellness business at any point become an industry worth having faith in? CURRENT SUPPLEMENT REGULATIONS As of now enhancements and wellbeing items are administered by Health Canada. The Food and Drug Regulations work on a â€Å"test if needed† premise instead of on a required food-testing premise. The Food and Drug Regulations have a willful accommodation necessity. The organization presents their dietary name and item data to Health Canada and they guarantee it follows the dietary rules of what is permitted in products[2]. On the off chance that an item makes a case of either nourishment substance or sickness hazard decrease then the item itself will be submitted for testing to the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA)[3]. Once submitted to the CFIA they will decide if the case of a supplement esteem is available in the item so the name is detailing the right wellbeing substance. Malady decrease is additionally observed and estimated by CFIA to check whether the item guarantees are exact for example â€Å"Cheerios lessens heart disease†[4]. While deciding the security and the wellbeing cases of every item there are a number of basic issues: Industry is mindful for guaranteeing that nourishment naming and claims are consistent with the Food and Drug Regulationsâ and that name esteems precisely mirror the supplement substance of the product.A reasonable consistence test for the exactness of pronounced supplement esteems must mull over the intrinsic changeability of supplements in nourishments and the inconstancy of the research facility technique utilizing proper factual analysis.The CFIA compliance move will make into thought research facility results, yet in addition the wellbeing danger to general society, monetary misfortune to shoppers, past consistence history of the item and the companys quality command over the assembling and marking processes.[5] Strikingly CFIA and wellbeing Canada excluded a few nourishments from this thorough procedure and the prerequisite of presenting their item for wellbeing claims audit. Exemptions incorporate feast substitutions, dietary enhancements, mineral supplements or potentially amino acids. The United States surveys are led by a sub-segment of the Food and Drug Administration entitled Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN). CFSAN works comparably to the Canadian proportionate, CFIA, in that most of testing is done on an irregular not compulsory basis.â The makers are approached to present the item test results as delineated in the â€Å"Manufacturers Responsibility† measures: â€Å"FDAs proceeding with approach since the 1970s doles out the producer the obligation regarding guaranteeing the legitimacy of an item marks expressed supplement esteems. Likewise, the wellspring of the information used to ascertain sustenance mark esteems is the privilege of the maker, however FDAs arrangement suggests that the supplement esteems for marking be founded on item piece, as dictated by research center examination of every supplement. FDA keeps on suggesting the utilization of the Official Methods of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists International (AOAC), with non-AOAC Official Strategies utilized uniquely without fitting AOAC approved techniques. For every item that is remembered for a nourishment naming database submitted to FDA, the office demands that the designer incorporate a table distinguishing proposed systematic strategies that were utilized in the investigation of every supplement, with going with data containing approval of the strategy utilized by the on location or business research facility for the grid of interest.†[6] Anyway the FDA’s guidelines take into consideration a decision by every producer to utilize the non-AOAC Official Methods that gives them the capacity to â€Å"prepare† their numbers. The producer should likewise consent to Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations, which separates consumables into various classes of supplements as per the FDA[7]. There are three distinct classes of supplements: Class I: are those additional in braced or created nourishments, these supplements are nutrients, minerals, protein, dietary fiber, or potassium[8]. Class I nutrientsâ must be available at 100% or a greater amount of the worth pronounced on the mark; at the end of the day, the supplement content distinguished by the research facility investigation must be in any event equivalent to the mark value[9]. Class II: are nutrients, minerals, protein, all out starch, dietary fiber, other sugar, polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fat, or potassium that happen normally in a food product[10]Class II nutrientsmust be available at 80% or a greater amount of the worth announced on the label[11]. Class III: supplements incorporate calories, sugars, complete fat, soaked fat, cholesterol, and sodium[12]. Be that as it may, for items, for example, natural product drinks; juices; and candy stores; that have sugar substance of 90 percent or a greater amount of complete starch. To forestall naming irregularities due to some extent to adjusting, FDA regards all out sugar as a Class III supplement rather than a Class II nutrient[13]. For nourishments with name revelations of Class III supplements, the proportion between the sum acquired by research center investigation and the sum proclaimed on the item mark in the Nutrition Facts panelâ must be 120% or less. The name is viewed as out of consistence if the supplement substance of a composite of the item is more prominent than 20% over the worth pronounced on the label[14]. For instance, if a research center examination discovered 8 g of all out fat/serving in an item that expressed that it contained 6 g of all out fat/serving, the proportion between the lab esteem and the name worth would be (8/6) x 100 = 133%, and the item mark would be thought of to be out of consistence. Like the CFIA the FDA have dietary enhancements under an alternate classification enacted under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act 1994(DSHEA)[15]. These enhancements are required to observe these principles sketched out beneath: â€Å"Federal law necessitates that each dietary enhancement be marked thusly, either with the term dietary enhancement or with a term that substitutes a portrayal of the items dietary ingredient(s) for the word dietary (e.g., natural enhancement or calcium supplement). Government law doesn't require dietary enhancements to be demonstrated safe to FDAs fulfillment before they are advertised. For most cases made in the naming of dietary enhancements, the law doesn't require the producer or dealer to demonstrate to FDAs fulfillment that the case is precise or honest before it shows up on the item. When all is said in done, FDAs job with a dietary enhancement item starts after the item enters the commercial center. That is typically the agencys first chance to make a move against an item that presents a noteworthy or outlandish danger of sickness or injury, or that is in any case debased or misbranded. Dietary enhancement firms must answer to FDA any genuine unfriendly occasions that are accounted for to them by buyers or social insurance experts. Dietary enhancement makers don't need to get the agencys endorsement before creating or selling these items. It isn't lawful to advertise a dietary enhancement item as a treatment or remedy for a particular sickness, or to reduce the manifestations of a infection. There are constraints to FDA oversight of cases in dietary supplement naming. For instance, FDA surveys validation for claims as assets permit†[16]. The guidelines from the DSHEA really permit organizations to mama

Essential Hour

Essential Hour Our newest book, Essential, is now available as an unabridged audiobook read by our talented narrator, Justin Malik. Listen to Essential Listen to the first hour of this audiobook for free on YouTube, Facebook, or Soundcloud, or download the entire six-hour audiobook on: Audible iTunes Amazon If youd rather read the book, you can find the print and ebook versions here. Subscribe to The Minimalists via email.

Effective Communication Strategies For Patients With...

Engaging patients with chronic conditions typically begins in the primary care setting. The key players in this phase are the primary care provider and the health coach. The role of the primary care team is critical, but limited, in the patient engagement process. The main goal of the primary care team is to support the patient through the use of a tailored wellness plan based on the patient’s needs, values, and preferences. Here are a few effective communication strategies and discussion aids to initiate the patient engagement conversation. Motivational interviewing (MI) is a patient-centered technique that is associated with positive behavioral outcomes. This approach necessitates the building of rapport between you and the patient through non-judgmental discussions, engaging the patient, eliciting change talk, and evoking motivation to make positive behavioral changes. This communication style is different from the previous authoritarian model, where the care team member was responsible for making all the health decisions and the patient simply followed what was advised. The essential elements of MI are evocation (not education), autonomy (not authority), and collaboration (not confrontation). †¢ Evocation emphasizes the patient’s need to verbalize his own motivation and commitment to change. With evocation, the patient should be doing most of the talking. Your role is to focus on listening to the patient’s concerns. †¢ Autonomy means that the patient is in chargeShow MoreRelatedChronic disease managment771 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Chronic Disease Management What is self-management? Self-care management is defined as the behaviour employed by an individual in managing and implementing the treatment regimen within the individuals lifestyle routine and it recognizes an individuals central role in managing chronic diseases (Costantini et al., 2008). 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Patient centeredness is one of the six interrelated factors constituting high quality-care identified by 2000 Institute of Medic ine report. Patient-centered care can be defined as a healthcare setting in which patients are encouraged to be actively involved in their care, with a physical environment that promotes patient comfort and staff who are dedicated to meeting the physical, emotional, and spiritual needs of patients (Charmel Frampton

17 Free Spanish Worksheets to Help Test Your Knowledge

Try your hand at one of these free Spanish worksheets. Print one of them off to help you learn or reinforce your skills over numbers, colors, common phrases, and other Spanish basics. Youll also want to check out these free Spanish printables to help you learn Spanish. There are printable flashcards, alphabet printables, color chart posters, and more printables to help you learn new words and reinforce ones you know. Free Spanish Worksheets to Help You Learn Numbers Learning to count in Spanish is a good first step in learning the language. These free Spanish worksheets will help you learn your numbers in Spanish to make everything from counting money to finding streets easier. Spanish Numbers: A 12-page worksheet for testing if you know the numbers 1-10 in Spanish through various games, like counting the objects, matching the number with the Spanish word, and finishing a number series. Answers are included at the bottom.Counting in Spanish: This free Spanish worksheet with have you hunting around your home to find out how many items in certain categories you have. The answer must be written in Spanish.Learning Number Words in Spanish: Complete this worksheet by writing the Spanish number that goes in each blank. See How Well You Know Your Colors With These Free Spanish Worksheets Learning colors in Spanish is another basic skill to learn. These free Spanish worksheets will help you identify and write out colors. Rainbow Colors: Label the different parts of the rainbow with the right color. An answer key is included.I Know My Colors: Color each object with the color listed below each of them.Colors in Spanish: Learn the words for colors in Spanish that includes a pronunciation guide. More Free Spanish Worksheets Here are more free Spanish worksheets to help you with vocabulary and phrases concerning greetings, relatives, animals, body parts, shapes, and more. Adjective Quiz: A 32-word match questions. Write out the Spanish word that corresponds with the pictures and English adjectives.Mi Familia Interesante: Create descriptions of you and your family members using this worksheet of Spanish terms for relatives.Shapes: Test your knowledge of the Spanish translations for shapes with this printable worksheet. Just draw a line from the word to the shape. An answer key is located at the very bottom of the document, along with the correct way to pronounce the shapes in Spanish.  Possessive Adjectives: Learn about the possessive adjectives mi(s), tu(s), and su(s) in this free Spanish worksheet.Word Match Quiz for Introductions: Read the English words or phrases and see if you can correctly match them up with the Spanish equivalents from the word list. Answers are located at the very bottom of the last page.Singular Pronouns: Fill in the blank to complete these Spanish sentences that are missing singular pronouns. These are multiple-choice, and every answer is shown for you at the bottom of the final page.Greetings in Spanish: Learn phrases in Spanish so you can have a simple and friendly introduction in Spanish.Common Words and Phrases: Anser each question in Spanish and translate English statements to Spanish.The Weather: Look at the pictures and write the correct Spanish phrase to identify the weather event.About My Family: In this Spanish worksheet, youll be reading questions about your family that are in Spanish, and youll need to answer the questions in Spanish.Practice With Location Phrases: Fill in the blank with the Spanish word that makes sense in the sentence and with the picture. Theres a word bank included.

An ethnohistory of the utah paiutes Free Essays

Dr. Ron Holt is a dignified socio-cultural anthropologist specializing in applied fieldwork and tribal politics. He currently resides in northern Utah as a professor (among many other things) at Weber State University where he educates young minds on the world of anthropology. We will write a custom essay sample on An ethnohistory of the utah paiutes or any similar topic only for you Order Now The collection of information in this text covers every important aspect of the life of the American Indian Paiute tribe with a main emphasis on their introduction to the Anglo-Americans. Throughout the text Dr. Holt emphasizes many occurrences regarding the co-existence of American Indians and Anglo Americans and despite a few positive outcomes, nearly every influential aspect of the whites is to be understood as a negative one. Dr. Holt vividly depicts the introduction of the white man and makes a valid point in designating who the instigator of the degradation of the Paiutes was. A main emphasis on his writing of this book is to display the truth behind the Paiute struggles and reveal what they went through as a people. Before the publishing date of this text in 1992 the life of the Paiutes had been vaguely documented. Through personal field work, material in the LDS archives, the Smithsonian Institute and many other sources such as journals and university archives, Dr. Holt was able to obtain a topical and chronological collection of information regarding the entire known existence of the Utah Paiutes since the year they were first witnessed in 1776. In 1981 while teaching at Southern Utah College (now Southern Utah University) Dr. Holt was asked by a local Paiute tribesman to research a potential reservation plan for the Utah Paiutes, an American Indian band of that area. This being an opportunity for Dr. Holt to produce a dissertation for his schooling he took the offer and ultimately produced a one-of-a-kind collection of American Indian knowledge. Through extensive field work and research, material was gathered and organized into data pertaining to the lives of the Paiutes. From this collection the text BENEATH THESE RED CLIFFS was produced. The beginning of the first chapter in this text introduces the reader to a specific way of life for a specific kind of people. After obtaining a feeling of understanding and curiosity about the Paiutes, the text throws the reader into an eternal downward spiral of bad news and depression. As documented, within a very short one hundred and fifty year span, the proud native people of southern Utah were greatly reduced in numbers and transformed from successful hunter-gatherers into beggars and seasonal or part-time workers. The main cause of their depression is seriously attributed to the settlement of the Mormons in the southern Utah area. The Paiutes were a dark skinned people that had a historical religious meaning to the Mormons known as Lamanites. From this historical belief the Mormons decided the Paiutes needed to be educated and â€Å"saved† from whatever their previous way of life was. Although the church believed they were doing good by taking over control of the Paiutes they conveniently turned a blind eye to the side effects of assimilation and paternalism which ultimately led to the downfall of the Paiute Nation. They were forced to beg for much of what they lived on because their foraging lands were being dominated by grazing cattle and incoming settlers. To add to their list of troubles in the 1800’s the Paiutes had to deal with population declination due to New Mexican and Ute slave trafficking. Targeting mainly female children and women, the reproduction rate of the Paiutes was severely crippled. With ratios of nearly two-to-one for men to women, the Paiutes had limited means of procreation. Without women to gather food and mate with the tribe was staring death in the face. After the catastrophic introduction to whites and slavery pre 1900s, a surviving life style for the Paiutes started to become a little more manageable. Ironically during the Great American Depression in the 1930’s and 1940’s the Paiutes struggled a little less because the rest of the American nation had it so hard. Through manual labor for the Mormons and seasonal foraging for Pine Nuts and other edibles, the Paiutes survived living one day at a time, but this was to be short lived. In the 1950’s the government decided to â€Å"Terminate† all American tribes deemed capable of surviving on their own. Termination was a swift process that was intended to initiate capable American Indians to the stature of a Citizen of The United States of America; the Paiutes were not prepared for the termination bill, but in 1957 it happened anyway. The bill organized a support system for the new way of life that all terminated American Indians would have to assist them with the transformation. The structure of this ingenious plan consisted of three support organizations: The BIA (Bureau of Indian Affairs) withdrawal office, an educational and vocational training program held by the University of Utah and the BIA relocation program. The Paiutes were now no longer part of a tribe; they were instead â€Å"Citizens of The State,† who were subject to state laws, federal taxes and state taxes. After termination the Paiutes were desperate for a substantial income. Their bands had inhabited over nearly 30 million acres of land in areas including four states: Arizona, California, Utah and Nevada; this was without a doubt their most valuable asset. In 1965, after a long demeaning process, the Paiutes agreed to sell 26. 4 million of these acres for 27. 3 cents per acre. With the sale of tribal lands the Paiutes had their substantial influx of money and were able to become a self sustaining people again. The 1970’s initiated the restoration process which turned the Paiutes back into a recognized American Indian group, but their struggle to recover from termination continues today. How to cite An ethnohistory of the utah paiutes, Papers

Life of Celia Cruz free essay sample

The talented singer was born on October 21, 1925, in the Santo Suarez neighborhood of Havana. Her singing talent was obvious even when she was young, but instead of pursuing a career in singing, she studied to be a teacher. This was because her father told her that he did not believe that singing was a worthwhile profession for a woman. Still, she went after a career in singing, after encouragement from her mother, teacher and aunt. Celia Cruz began singing in talent shows and doing recordings for radio stations, but neither were sold for money. Her first recordings were made in 1978 in Venezuela with the Turpial label. She sang these with the Leonard Melody and Alfonso Larrain orchestras. In 1950, she was called in to be the lead singer of a Cuban band, La Sonara Matancera. At first, the public did not like her, because she was black, but eventually, because of her hard work, talent and the fact that the orchestra stood by her, the public accepted her, and she became famous throughout Cuba. Celia was a member of La Sonora for fifteen years, and then in July 15, 1960, she decided to migrate to the United States to pursue her singing career. It only took her one year to become a legal citizen of the US. After becoming a citizen in 1961, Cuban Communist leader Fidel Castro was furious and barred Cruz returning to Cuba, enforcing the ban even after her parents’ deaths. Celia for her part has vowed not to return to Cuba until such time as the Castro regime is disposed. Although Celia Cruz had made numerous recordings with La Sonora Mantancera, she experienced little success in the United States in the 1960s. She spoke English well, but she refused to record in the language. Younger Latin Americans at the time were gravitating away from big-band dance music and toward rock-and-roll, in both Latin and non-Latin inflections. Celia’s fortunes began to improve when she meshed her talents with those of the musicians and bandleaders who were creating the new music called salsa—chief among them Tito Puente, Johnny Pacheco and Willie Colon. Salsa was firmly rooted in Cuban dance traditions, but it was high-energy new hybrid that incorporated elements of jazz, traditional Afro-Caribbean rhythms, and other forms. Celia on stage was a commanding figure whose control over audiences resulted not only from her flamboyant, stage-filling attire, but also from her ability to engage them in call-and-response patterns that spring from salsa’s Afro-Cuban roots. Celia was any music promoter’s dream because of the added value she brought to every contract. She offered more than just interesting musical interpretations: Celia transformed herself into a stage image projected well beyond any performance. Her magic included a distinctive orchestra sound, staging, scenery, and props, backup choruses, and a lot of color and special effects. Celia was very fond of sunglasses. They had to be prescriptions and she ordered them in exaggerated sizes and adorned with small, bright-colored stones to make them more festive. Wigs were the second most important prop for Celia in the creation of her image. Besides Queen of Salsa, she could also be considered Queen of Wigs. She had them in every color – though she preferred blond or silver – and every style, to cover her curly hair. This artist with the chameleon image confided that her collection of wigs was not extravagant, that it seemed so only because they were coiffed in different styles each time. Wigs were one of her stage trademarks. From the beginning of her singing career, Celia Cruz was a permanent guest at Cuban radio stations. In the times before television, radio programs enjoyed large audiences, not only on the island but in the whole Caribbean area, where area waves carried without difficulty. In Cuba, as well as in Latin America, musical programs and soap operas were tremendously popular. Radio provided practically the only entertainment beside movies, which also attracted large audiences. Celia’s first experience as an actress came to her through her friendship with Maria Teresa Coalla, who created a character especially for Celia in a soap opera broadcast by Radio Progreso in the fifties. Her director was Bernardo Pascual, who was then married to Delia Fiallo, later famous in Miami as a soap opera scriptwriter. Celia was afraid of ridicule, but her friends and colleagues at the radio station encouraged her with only one advice: to be herself, without imitating any other actress. Her success was overwhelming. The rival station also had a soap, Divorciadas, with the highest rating, but after Celia joined it bypassed the competition. The best actress award that year went to Celia. One of Celias performance trademarks is a full-throated shout of Azucar! (Sugar! ); she explained its 1970s origins in a 2000 Billboard interview. I was having dinner at a restaurant in Miami, and when the waiter offered me coffee, he asked me if I took it with or without sugar. I said, Chico, youre Cuban. How can you even ask that? With sugar! And that evening during my show I told the audience the story and they laughed. And one day, instead of telling the story, I simply walked down the stairs and shouted Azucar! Celia might be compared with US jazz vocalist Sarah Vaughan in her ability to bring vocal techniques to a primarily instrumental music, but she has a more essentially popular appeal than any jazz singer. Seemingly indestructible vocally, Celia continued a full schedule of concerts and recordings throughout the 1980s and beyond. She received a Grammy award for the album Ritmo en el corazon, recorded with conga player Ray Barretto, in 1990, as well as an honorary doctorate from Yale University. Still a major star in her own right, Celia became an inspiration for numerous younger performers (such as Gloria Estefan) in the 1990s; her audience hardly aged along with her. Weve never had to attract these kids, she told Time. They come by themselves. Rock is a strong influence on them, but they still want to know about their roots. For most Latin Americans, indeed, Celia Cruz has been and remains a much-loved figure, an icon of Latin culture. There were simply three great loves in Celia’s life: Pedro Knight, music and of course, Cuba. Celia’s love life has been a secret well kept by those close to her. Hector Ramirez Bedoya revealed in his Historia de la Sonora Mantancera y sus estrellas (History of the Sonora Mantancera and its Stars, 1996); Celia was engaged for a while to Alfredo Leon, a young bass player and the son of Bienvenido Leon, member of the noted Septeto Nacional. An old photo of Celia, wearing full, flowery skirt and singing into a microphone, shows Alfredo accompanying her on the tumbadora. How Celia and Pedro fell in love is a modern day fairy tale. Theirs was an affection that grew out of friendship; developing slowly until eventually it led them to the altar. As Pedro tells it, â€Å"We got to know each other while working with the Sonora, and became fast friends. There is no way to say when our romance started. Celia was a sensible, reliable young woman, and in time our friendship turned to love. Neither of us thought that we were going to end up getting married one day, but that’s what happened. † When Celia and Pedro Knight met, he was still married to his first wife, with whom he had six children. A year after Celia joined the Sonora, in 1950, Pedro obtained his divorce. Their courtship had been very discreet, but one day Rogelio Martinez heard about the blossoming romance from one of the orchestra members. After a ten-year courtship, Pedro finally convinced Celia to marry him. They were married on Saturday, July 14, 1962, in a simple ceremony before a Connecticut judge. Singer Rolando Laserie was their best man; his wife, Tita Borggiano, was the matron of honor; and Laserie’s manager, Catalino Rolon, a witness. By then Celia was already thirty-six and Pedro thirty-nine. Because Celia was still mourning over the death of her mother, Ollita, there was no party or honeymoon. Their marriage took place a short time after the death of her mother, a moment she could not share with her family because the Cuban government did not allow her to reenter her country. So Pedro, according to Celia, replaced both her mother and her father. During a routine exam, Celia’s physician detected cancer in the breast, the same illness that killed her mother. In August, at the Hackensack Hospital in New Jersey, Celia underwent surgery to remove her left breast, and in September she returned to the hospital for a second operation. The whole situation was handled with the utmost discretion, and not even her closest fans got the news. Celia did not want her fans to pity her because of her illness. The headaches the she began experiencing after her first operation were becoming worse, and she also suffered from fainting spells and shivering. Back in New York, she underwent intense testing, which confirmed the fatal diagnosis: a brain tumor. Despite the optimism that always had characterized her, she could not help feeling depressed when the results if the pathological tests came in. they confirmed that the excised tumor was malignant. Later, three additional inoperable tumors were detected in her brain. After resting in Hawaii and upon her return to New York, Celia finished the necessary paperwork to establish a nonprofit organization devoted to benefitting the musical education of young Hispanics, and to raising funds for the fight against cancer. On February14, 2003, the Fundacion Celia Cruz was officially created for those important causes. Monday July 14 was her forty-first wedding anniversary. Pedro knelt beside her and whispered, â€Å"Happy anniversary, my love. † A tear ran down Celia’s cheek, but she said nothing, returning to the stupor induced by her medications, and she finally took refuge in an unconscious state. On Wednesday morning, it appeared that the battle had been lost. Surrounding her was her loved ones: Pedro Knight; Cuqui Pacheco; her manager and adopted son, Omer Pardillo-Cid; her niece, Linda Becquer-Dakota; her sister Gladys; her friends Luis and Leticia Falcon; and two nurses Celia Cruz, the legendary singer of Afro-Cuban rhythms, la Guarachera de Cuba and Queen of Salsa with a happy â€Å"tumbao,† died at 4:55 in the afternoon. Her marvelous voice is still with us through her recordings and her luminous call to joy, Azucar! will be with us forever. She was a very kind person that gave back hope and inspired many singers, as well as others of different industries. Celia demonstrated to the world that anything you set your mind to be possible with effort and drive. Sometimes life can be difficult and as a single mother with a full time job and now also a part time student, it seems harder than ever, but with that same spirit determination and drive that Celia had until the end. BIBLIOGRAPHY Marceles, Eduardo. Azucar! The Biography of Celia Cruz. New York: Reed Press, 2004