#15 Synthesis of Ethyl Salicylate from Salicylic Acid

#15 Synthesis of Ethyl Salicylate from Salicylic Acid ____________________________________________________________ _______________ Purpose: Salicylic acid is converted to the liquid ethyl salicylate by addition of ethanol. Yields of salicylic acid (week 1) and ethyl salicylate will be found, as well as the overall yield of the 2-step conversion of acetyl salicylic acid to ethyl salicylate. Introduction: Esters are formed from the reaction of acids and alcohols: O O || || R-C-OH + HO-R’ → R-C-OR’ + H2O acid alcohol ester water The pleasant smelling oil of ethyl salicylate is made by reacting salicylic acid (week 1) with excess†¦show more content†¦Overall Yield for 2 steps (product of 2 yields above) : Questions: 1. Recalculate the overall yield for a three-step process including the 75% extraction. 2. The synthesis of a new drug may require as many as 30 steps, some of which produce much less than 90% yields. Comment on this (without doing any calculations). ____________________________________________________________ _______________5 Instructor’s Guide Ethyl Salicylate Part B: Melting Points Compound Measured Melting Point (ËšC) Literature Value (ËšC) Acetyl Salicylic Acid 134 134 - 135 Salicylic Acid 159 158 - 160 Yields: Assuming ASA (from extraction of 50 aspirin tablets) = 12 g SA (from hydrolysis of ASA) 7.3 g Reactant SA esterified: 7.0 g (usually most of the amount above) Approximate volume of ethyl salicylate: 3.0 mL (density ES = 1.1 g/mL) Mass ethyl salicylate 3.3 g Maximum g SA: 10 g ASA x 1 mol ASA x 1 mol SA x 138 g SA = 9.2 g SA 180 g ASA 1 mol ASA 1 mol SA Maximum g ES: 7.0 g SA x 1 mol SA x 1 mol ES x 166 g ES = 8.4 g ES 138 g SA 1 mol SA 1 mol ES Enter amounts where indicated in the table below and find the yields. Reaction Reactant → Product Mass Reactant (g) Mass Product (g) Maximum MassShow MoreRelatedSynthesis of Salicylic Acid and Potentiometric Determination of Its Purity and Dissociation Constant4209 Words   |  17 PagesSynthesis of Salicylic Acid and Potentiometric Determination of its Purity and Dissociation Constant ------------------------------------------------- Abstract The purpose of the study is to synthesize salicylic acid from the ester, methyl salicylate, and determine the acid’s dissociation constant and purity. The ester was converted to salicylic acid by base hydrolysis. The products were refluxed and recrystallized, to ensure maximum purity, and filtered, dried, and weighed. The melting point

Love, Mourning, And The Killing Of Others - 1513 Words

Emotions could be one of the most excruciatingly painful or the most tremendously rewarding battle of one s life. In The Giver ,â€Å"What is the Depth of an Elephant Emotions?† ,and â€Å"God Went to India† emotions and characteristics is a very common thread seeming through all the the texts. The difference of the emotions is what compares all 3 pieces of writing. Love, mourning, and the killing of others are very serious and relatable differences between the novel, article, and poem. The interactions of deep and complex emotions and actions between characters are exceptionally unique from one piece of texts from the rest. Undoubtedly, every living, breathing thing has a different definition or meaning of love towards one another. Similarly to the real world, these 3 texts share different views and perspectives on showing love and affection to the people in their life. In The Giver it states,† I liked the feeling of love,† Jonas confessed. He glance d nervously at the speaker on the wall, reassuring himself that no one was listening. â€Å"I wish we still had that,† he whispered. â€Å"Of course,† he added quickly,† I do understand that it wouldn’t work very well. And that it’s much better to be organized the way we are now. I can see that it was a dangerous way to live.† Additionally, in the article â€Å"What is the Depth of Elephant Emotions?† it says,† There is no greater love in an elephant s society than the maternal kind. Nobody who observes a mother with her calf couldShow MoreRelatedThe Flea By John Donne1314 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the 15 and 1600 s, love was a very common theme in much of the poetry written in that time period. Most including, and wearing out common cliches about love such as, cheeks like roses or, hearts pierced by the arrows of love.. John Donne, a well known poet of that time period writes many poems about love, but none using all t hose tired, worn out cliches. Donne brings his poems to life using vivid imagery and elaborately sustained metaphors known as conceits. (The Norton AnthologyRead MoreThe Superego and Hamlet Essays1435 Words   |  6 Pagesmind that acts as a self-critical conscience, drove him to the revenge he sought. Hamlet was not bad, or an anti-hero; he was merely a tragic hero. The command to murderous revenge denies Hamlet the possibility of developing the healing processes of mourning whereby the lost loved one is internalized and causes him to act as he does throughout the play. In my essay I will discuss how Hamlet’s superego affected him creating this an inward tragedy which ultimately carries Hamlet to his death. ShakespeareRead MoreEssay on Hamlet:The Enigmatic Character1451 Words   |  6 Pagesanalyzed tragic heroes in all of literature. Hamlet, the main character in William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, is conflicted throughout the whole play. He obsesses over avenging his father’s death, and this leads to rash, irresponsible actions that cause others to suffer, as well. He plans to kill Claudius, his uncle, for murdering his father and then marrying his mother. In an act of outrage, Hamlet unknowingly kills Polonius, the King’s assistant, instead. This creates even more problems because now someoneRead MoreJohn Donne as an Innovative Poet1012 Words   |  5 Pagescertainly an innovative love poet who moved away from the Shakespearian focus on form intensely literary style. He was an expert in argument and often used exr=tended conceits to put forward these arguments. The drama in his poetry and his use of language all serve to highlight his skills as an innovative and crea tive poet. In order to examine Donne s innovative style I will discuss five of his poems, A Nocturnal Upon St. Lucy s Day, The Flea, A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning, The Sunne Rising andRead More The Flea and The Sun Rising1655 Words   |  7 Pagesliterary movement and he explored the themes of love, death, and religion to such an extent, that he instilled his own beliefs and theories into his poems. His earlier works, such as The Flea and The Sunne Rising, exhibit his sexist views of women as he wrote more about the physical pleasures of being in a relationship with women. However, John Donne displays maturity and adulthood in his later works, The Canonization and A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning, in which his attitude transcends to a moreRead MoreThe Flea and the Sun Rising Essay1664 Words   |  7 Pagesliterary movement and he explored the themes of love, death, and religion to such an extent, that he instilled his own beliefs and theories into his poems. His earlier wor ks, such as The Flea and The Sunne Rising, exhibit his sexist views of women as he wrote more about the physical pleasures of being in a relationship with women. However, John Donne displays maturity and adulthood in his later works, The Canonization and A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning, in which his attitude transcends to a moreRead MoreJohn Donne And George Herbert942 Words   |  4 Pagesunbelievable amount of comparison in their poems. Each of these poets has written about their life experiences from troubling times to love and compassion. Though they share similar backgrounds, each poet has a unique style that shows a great amount of symbolism, irony and spirituality. The poems Easter Wing, Death Be Not Proud and A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning each have a completely different meaning but the one thing they all share is how they have a strong spiritual sense. In these poemsRead More Ophelia as a Foil to Shakespeares Hamlet Essay875 Words   |  4 Pagestrue.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another similarity between Hamlet and Ophelia is the feelings they have for each other. In the beginning of the play, we are led to believe that Hamlet loves Ophelia. This frightens Ophelia, but that does not mean she does not have feelings for him also. It is her father who encourages her to suppress any feelings she may have then. Later in the play Ophelia confesses her love for Hamlet, and he then hides his feelings and denies that he loved her. He suggests that she go to aRead MoreHamlet Soliloquy Act 1, Scene 2 Essay894 Words   |  4 Pagesis having an incestuous relationship with her. We also learn that Claudius has plans to stop the Norwegian invasion from the north. Hamlet, the son of the late king is unhappy about his mother’s marriage to his uncle and is still mourning the death of his father. Hamlet has become withdrawn and depressed and wants to return to his studies in Wittenberg (Germany), but stays because they are the wishes of his mother and Claudius. Despite his agreement with his mother andRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet As A Traditional Revenge Tragedy1380 Words   |  6 Pagestouches upon such topics as death, romance, vengeance, and mania, among several others. Being so intricate and involuted, Hamlet has been interpreted in countless fashions since its conception, with each reader construing it through their own subjectivity. Some of the most popular and accredited methods of analyzing the work are the Traditional Revenge Tragedy, Existentialist, Psychoanalytic, Romantic, and Act of Mourning approaches. Hamlet can be explained as a traditional revenge tragedy quite simply

Analysis Of The System Engineering Design Of The Construction Of A Dam

Question: Discuss about the Critical Analysis Of The System Engineering Design Of The Construction Of A Dam. Answer: Introduction It is to be noted that the construction of the infrastructures like dams is very crucial for any region having rivers in the vicinity as dams help in the regulating the flow and direction of the rivers and assist in preventing the areas from getting flooded. The objective of the construction of dams is very precisely described in the previous assignment. The key objective of constructing the dam is to stop the water of the river or cease the underground steam from over flooding a particular area. The reservoirs that are created due to the construction of the dams are used for multiple uses such as stopping the floods along with reserving the water for projects like generation of electricity and supply water to the entire area and other adjoining cities and regions (Bayin, 2013). It has been recognized that the infrastructures like dams have proved to be crucial for every region in any country in respect of providing huge safety to the country. The general objective of the constructio n of the dams is reserving excess amount of rain and river water for the use generation of electricity and irrigation purpose. The reserved river water due to the construction of dams is also stated to be used in the consumption of the humans and other industrial uses (Becker, et al., 2013). The focus is primarily on the Glen Canyon dam which is one of the biggest dams in the history of human kind. It also has the stated that there are various kinds of dams among which Arch Gravity is one to be conisdered.ist was stated that Glen Canyon dam is constructed as one of the arch gravity dam. Glen Canyon is situated on the town called page and the dam is situated on the Colorado River in the North Arizona which is in the United States of America (Dring, Birnbaum Kuckling, 2013). Preliminary design The phase of the preliminary or conceptual design of any type of system engineering relates to the development and definition of the preferred concept of the dam system and the requirements for the structuring of the water reservoir system. It was observed that the preliminary design of the Glen Canyon dam has taken place after the analysis of the feasibility and the appraisals in the context to the options available which was obtained after the briefing of the project. The conceptual design is presented in the previous assignment in regards to the construction of the Glen Canyon dam in various aspects of the design for both the inception and completion of the construction project (Gordon, et al., 2017). The description of the ways and what stages the construction of dam will be conducted in regards to the completion of the system engineering project. In regards to the construction of the Glen Canyon dam from the preliminary phase of the design starts with the definition of the probl em for which the entire planning of the project has been carried out. In the preliminary phase of design of the Glen Canyon dam, planning and architecture of the project has been laid out in various phases. Further, it has been stated that the programs for the system engineering plays a great role in the construction of the dams. The possible needs that are needed to materialize the project is been stated (Gouda, Radhika Akshatha, 2013). It has also been stated in the previous assignment that the total materials, number of workers, technologies are included in the plan that is devised in the planning of the construction of the Glen Canyon dam. Detailed design and development The detailed design and development of the construction of Glen Canyon dam would encompass the program management plan of the Glen Canyon dam. This has the inclusion of the concept called as the Project Management Body of Knowledge which integrates a group of employees that are in charge do et taking the most important decisions of the construction. The detailed design and development process also included the architecture of the dam which encompassed the understanding of the structure (Hariharan Kannan, 2014). This phase is also referred to as the technical architecture phase which is very much subjected to the change according to the practical situations. The assignment included the functional baseline, specifications of the system, the management plan regarding the system engineering in the context of the construction of Glen Canyon dam along with the program of implementation regarding real execution of the stages of the project. It was observed in the assignment that during the implementation of the program regarding the construction of the Glen Canyon dam, filling up the lake Powell has been challenging (Jain Nigam, 2013). The definition of the system requirements has been observed to be a very significant part of the construction of the Glen Canyon dam as this is supposed to be the part that is accountable for the success or failure of the project. This definition of the system requirements was observed to have the various layers such as advanced system planning and architecting. It was also observed that the system requirements of the construction of Glen Canyon dam encompassed the problem definition and identification of the needs which are integral parts of the development process (Jain Nigam, 2013). The maintenance and operation process along with the development process of the technology have been considered in the layers of the design and development phase of the construction of Glen Canyon dam. It is to be noted that relevant researches were st ated to be carried out throughout entire implementation of the project. Research has been considered as a very crucial part of the design and engineering of the system in regards to the construction of dam. The previous assignment has also focused on the up gradation of the initial design by the information associated with the work field to the structuring of the final and detailed design (Kiro, Shitrit Qimron, 2014). The analysis of the life cycle also integrates the designing, synthesis of the entire project of the dam construction, selection of models, developmental revision, design of the materials and process and critical analysis of the design. Te manufacturing and the configuration of the design is also included in the detailed design and development. The operation of the construction of the Glen Canyon dam along with the support to the system is also covered in the detailed design and development. Moreover, it was observed that the use of the various products, phase out and the disposal of the materials used in the construction of the Glen Canyon dam is also included in this part (Kong, Dabney Tai, 2014). System test, evaluation validation, and optimization The system test, evaluation, and validation and optimization in regards to the construction of the Glen Canyon dam denotes to the assessment of the entire project including the technical and environmental aspects of the construction. These parts integrated the maintenance of the construction of the Glen Canyon dam that is stated to be done prior to the operation of the dam to the public and governmental use (Pishchik Molokhina, 2017). The evaluation and testing of the Glen Canyon dam would include the analysis and assessments of the factors that assist in the measurement of the technical performance of the Glen Canyon dam from the aspects of the civil engineering. The validation process of the Glen Canyon dam denotes to the assurance of the configuration and specifications of technical configuration in the regards to the fulfillment of the objectives of the construction of the Glen Canyon dam (Saini, Goel Kumar, 2013). Human factors have a very crucial role in the construction and operation of the Glen Canyon dam. The people residing near the river and the area on which the damn would be made are required to understand the significance and need to allow the construction of the Glen Canyon dam. The complete functionality of the construction of the Glen Canyon dam can be observed through the functional analysis of the dam (Yassin, et al., 2017). The application of the ADDIE Model is very much relevant in this case. It is significant as it denotes to the generic process which is very much appropriate for the authorities who would construct the Glen Canyon dam. The five phases of the ADDIE Model relate to the stages in which the construction of the Glen Canyon dam is done. Analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation are the respective phases that are included in the model. The analysis phase is related to the conceptual or the preliminary phase of the construction of the Glen Canyon dam (Stansinoupolos, et al., 2013). The design phase would relate to handling the equipment, instruments, and selection of materials along with time of the construction of Glen Canyon dam. The development phase of the ADDIE model would relate to the creation and assemble of materials and machinery required for the construction of Glen Canyon dam. The implementation phase would associate with the initiation of the operation of cons truction of Glen Canyon dam. The evaluation phase would integrate the assessment and summation of the construction of Glen Canyon dam that also denotes to the testing of the dam (Wang, et al., 2014). Conclusion The significance of the design process and the efficient implementation of different phases of the construction of Glen Canyon dam as a project are discussed in the project. From the analysis of the phases of the design of the construction of Glen Canyon dam, many aspects of design could; be learnt. The construction of a dam is a massive instance in regards to engineering and design. Importance to the intricate details has to be given as every aspect in terms of construction is very much important in this regard. It has been observed from the previous assignment that many issues have been confronted in regards to the implementation of construction. The brainstorming and innovative thinking with the ever altering technology and evolution can be put into application while addressing such issues and challenges in the construction of dam and conserving water from a large source for various purposes. It is a fact that the society needs to accept the significance of having a dam constructe d which would ultimately serve the society and overall human kind in times of a necessity. References Bayin, S.S., 2013.Essentials of mathematical methods in science and engineering. John Wiley Sons. Becker, C.A., Tavazza, F., Trautt, Z.T. and de Macedo, R.A.B., 2013. Considerations for choosing and using force fields and interatomic potentials in materials science and engineering.Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science,17(6), pp.277-283. Dring, A., Birnbaum, W. and Kuckling, D., 2013. Responsive hydrogelsstructurally and dimensionally optimized smart frameworks for applications in catalysis, micro-system technology and material science.Chemical Society Reviews,42(17), pp.7391-7420. Gordon, H.M.I., Miller, J., Gooding, D.A., Cowart, W. and Kosner, A.W., Cloud 9 Llc, 2017.Vital text analytics system for the enhancement of requirements engineering documents and other documents. U.S. Patent 9,678,949. Gouda, K.C., Radhika, T.V. and Akshatha, M., 2013. Priority based resource allocation model for cloud computing.International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research,2(1), pp.pp-215. Hariharan, G. and Kannan, K., 2014. Review of wavelet methods for the solution of reactiondiffusion problems in science and engineering.Applied Mathematical Modelling,38(3), pp.799-813. Jain, P. and Nigam, M.J., 2013. Design of a model reference adaptive controller using modified MIT rule for a second order system.Advance in Electronic and Electric Engineering,3(4), pp.477-484. Kiro, R., Shitrit, D. and Qimron, U., 2014. Efficient engineering of a bacteriophage genome using the type IE CRISPR-Cas system.RNA biology,11(1), pp.42-44. Kong, X., Dabney, K.P. and Tai, R.H., 2014. The association between science summer camps and career interest in science and engineering.International Journal of Science Education, Part B,4(1), pp.54-65. Pishchik, V. and Molokhina, G., 2017. DIFFICULTIES IN MANIFISTATION OF PREDICTIVE THINKING OF PRESCHOOL SENIOR AGE CHILDREN WITH UNDERDEVELPMENT.International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education (IJCRSEE),5(1), pp.65-73. Saini, P., Goel, A. and Kumar, D., 2013. Design and analysis of composite leaf spring for light vehicles.international journal of innovative research in science, engineering and technology,2(5). Stansinoupolos, P., Smith, M.H., Hargroves, K. and Desha, C., 2013.Whole system design: An integrated approach to sustainable engineering. Routledge. Wang, S., Zhang, L., Wang, L., Wu, Q., Wang, F. and Hao, J., 2014. A review of atmospheric mercury emissions, pollution and control in China.Frontiers of Environmental Science Engineering,8(5), pp.631-649. Yassin, I.M., Jailani, R., Ali, M., Baharom, R., Hassan, A. and Rizman, Z.I., 2017. Comparison between cascade forward and multi-layer perceptron neural networks for NARX functional electrical stimulation (FES)-based muscle model.International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology,7(1), pp.215-221.

Leading Managing People - Expatriate free essay sample

Multinational firms throughout the world are increasingly concerned about hiring, developing and retaining managers with international experience and global perspectives† quoted by Briscoe and Schuler in 2004. This report will be focusing on variety of issues relating to Human Resource implications which faced by the expatriate working in MNC located in Malaysia as well as Malaysian working in overseas. The extraction will be from the most recent newspaper, journal and articles relating to the following topics in human resource management. 1) Expatriate Failure and the Selection policy 2) Training and development for cross-cultural 3) Performance appraisal for expatriate The expatriation was subjugated by professionals sent by their employers to foreign subsidiaries or headquarters. 3. 0 KEY ISSUES AND ANALYSIS 3. 1 Expatriate Failure and the Selection policy Expatriate facade many new challenges both in the workplace and the community. For instance, culture shock differences in work-related norms, isolation, homesick, housing, schooling, language, customs, cost of living and coping with his/her spouse’s problems of adapting to new environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Leading Managing People Expatriate or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page According to Stone(2008), research indicates that a manager’s inability to adapt or their partner’s inability to adapt is the major cause of expatriate failure. Harvey(1983) cited the consequence include premature return from a foreign posting and high resignation rates, with expatriates leaving their company at about twice the rate of domestic managements. Tung (1987) expounded the three main reasons contributing to the failure of expatriates in US MNC is as follows:- * the inability of the manager’s spouse to adjust to a different physical or cultural environment; * the manager’s inability to adapt to a different physical or cultural environment; * other family-related problems. One study by International Orientation Resources, an HRM consulting firm, found that 60 percent of expatriate failures occur due to these three reasons too(Solomon,1994). Besides the above mentioned reasons, include inappropriate selection practices, inadequate preparation and training as well as the stresses associated with expatriation which identified by New Zealand research (Enderwick and Hodgson, 1993). Another critical reason is the cross-cultural communications can be a struggle for the international manager. Gestures, facial expressions, behaviour and words can have different meanings and connotations. China, Korea and Japanese have high-context cultures where considerable importance is given to non-verbal and situational cues. In contrast, Australia, Canada, the US and Britain have low-context cultures where what is said is what it meant(Stone,2008). In contrast, some Malaysians who work aboard feel that the grass is greener on the other side. In Appendix A, this article highlighted the reasons why some Malaysian prefer to remain overseas. Due to higher paid, to widen their horizons, the prestige of working in a foreign company and the quality of life is unbeatable. The expatriate is unable to adapt in the foreign environment due to lack of cultural skills. According to HRM consulting firm, this is because the expatriate selection process at many organisations is essentially flawed (Solomon, 2000). Expatriates failed because these three focal reasons which mentioned by Tung that have not been part of the selection process. The underlying message was that the family is the basic unit of expatriation, not the individual. The MNC needs to look into this matter seriously in order to reduce expatriate failure. 3. 2 Training and development for cross-cultural Many companies including MNC have been ignored on providing training for employees whether local or global organisations. MNC recruits expatriate based on technical competence and past job performance as the key selection criteria and assumed the expatriate is able to adapt in the country where he was posted. MNC should not take them for granted. They should be pre-prepared by providing orientation, training on the cultural, language and living skill in the host country. Shown in Appendix D, expatriate reports interviewed an expatriate working in Nanchang, China on how significant was the culture shock he experienced when he moved abroad? He replied that quite significant and hard to adapt to the Chinese food and people spitting on the streets. Certainly, at the initial stage every expatriate will face cultural shock difference which may lead to miscommunication, misunderstanding and misinterpretation. Then directly he will be unproductive, inefficiency and faces expatriate failure. The MNC has to recruit a new manager to replace him which will be time consuming and have to repeat the process of selection and hiring. The MNC requires the expatriate to train the local employees in the host-country by transferring his knowledge and skills to them so that they are able to be independent and step into the positions/responsibilities within the shortest possible time. The article in Appendix B highlighted Malaysia government will review the education system to produce talent needed for an advanced nation and also perks to lure home highly skilled Malaysians (brain drain) and retain global talent to develop a quality workforce. Even our government recognise the essential of education/training to develop our highly skilled employees that are not only vital to the companies but also making the nation into globally competitive and transforming it as the high-income economy for instance Singapore, HK and Shanghai. 3. Performance appraisal for expatriate Stone (2008) cited that performance appraisal is a matter of serious concern for many expatriates. This is because performance appraisal is often handled badly. Companies fail to take into account the added complexities that come with international appraisals. Key issues involving performance expectations, performance measures and who will be responsible for the conduct of the appraisals are left vague or undecided. Worse, some head office managers ignore the international appraisal and do not incorporate it into the career development process. The end result is that expatriates perceive the appraisal process as unfair and as a source of never-ending frustration. Groeschi (2003) quotes that a number of comparative international and cross-cultural management research projects have concluded that HRM is influenced by culture. He also highlighted the same HRM policy is likely to be attributed quite different meanings by different cultural groups for instance performance appraisal. An organisation’s performance appraisal systems are an important element of its control systems, which is a central component of organisation architecture (see Figure 1 as below). In many international companies, the thorny issue is how best to evaluate the performance of expatriate managers (Hill, 2009). During the appraisal evaluation for the expatriate, there are two groups who evaluate the performance of expatriate managers. They are host-nation manager and home-office managers whom are subject to bias. The host-nation managers may be biased by their own cultural frame of reference and expectations. On the other hand, home-country mangers’ appraisals may be biased by distance and by their own lack of experience working abroad. Home-office managers often not aware of what is going on in a foreign operation and they tend to rely on hard data in evaluating an expatriate’s performance, such as the productivity, revenues, profitability or market share which reflect factors outside the expatriate’s control. Due to such biases, many expatriate managers believe that headquarters management evaluates them unfairly and does not fully appreciate the value of their skills and experience. It also one of the reasons many of them believe a foreign posting does not benefit their careers (Hill, 2009). 4. 0 RECOMMENDATION 4. 1 Expatriate Failure and the Selection policy Managing a MNC provides a diversity of challenges which the crucial one will be how the parent-company will recruit potential expatriate to manage their off-shore operations affiliates/subsidiaries. Selection of the expatriate must be right at the first time although time and resources consuming in reviewing and evaluating all the potential candidates follow by filtering them. The expatriate should not be selected based on technical competence and past job performance as the key selection criteria. Expatriate failure in many cases is the result of a lack of personal adjustment rather than a lack of technical skills. Harvey (1997) cited furthermore, research shows that in many companies expatriate selection is often haphazard and irrational. Organisations need to understand that in choosing expatriates, they should take into account differences in the business, social and cultural environment in the specific country and the impact on the potential expatriate, spouse and dependants (Stone, 2008). Stone’s (1991) study found that both local managers and expatriate managers perceive the essential selection criteria as the expatriate’s ability to adapt and the adaptability of the partner and family. 4. Training and management development for cross-cultural According to Hill (2009), superior performance requires not only strategy must also be supported by the right organisation architecture. Strategy is implemented through organisation. In Figure 1, people are the linchpin of a firm’s organisation architecture. For a firm to outperform its rivals in the global marketplace, it must have the right people in the right postings. Those people must be trained appropriately so they have the skill sets required to perform their jobs effectively and so they behave in a manner that is congruent with the desired culture of the firm. The following trainings are recommended for MNCs’ expatriates:- * Cross-Culture Training prior to departure The purpose of this training allows individuals to more rapidly adjust to the new culture before departing to host-country, and therefore, to be more effective in their new roles (Black and Mendenhall, 1990). It has been widely recognised for more than 20 years that the partners and children of expatriates play an important role in contributing to the success of expatriate assignments (Fukuda and Chu, 1994; Rahim, 1983) Cultural, Language and Practical(Living Skill) trainings * These trainings are helping to control and reduce expatriate failures. There is no question that comprehensive cultural training can have many benefits for MNCs. For starters, it can help orient and develop expatriates to better communicate, understand, and work effectively with people from different cultural, religious, and ethnic backgrounds. Comprehending and valuing cultural differences can al so help expatriates in the effective management of multi-cultural teams. Understanding global markets, customers, suppliers, and competitors is another indirect benefit. Pragmatically, cultural training can have a positive impact on combating very expensive expatriate failure (Luthans, 2002). Their spouse adaption problem, it is important that the spouse and the whole family to be included in this training * Language training usually conducted in host-country’s language. When the expatriate willing to communicate in the host-country language(even not fluent), can help build rapport with local employees and improve the manager’s effectiveness. * Benefit of practical training in helping the expatriate manager and family ease themselves into daily life in the host country. The expatriate community group can be a great source of support and information sharing in helping the expatriate’s family adapt to a foreign culture. 4. 3 Performance appraisal for expatriate To overcome the expatriate’s frustration and problems, the HR manager needs to ensure that the following key issues are clarified before the expatriate begins an overseas assignment:- * What are the organisation’s performance expectations? * What criteria and standards will be used to measure performance? * Who will conduct the evaluation – a local manager, a head office manager or both? * What will be the frequency of the appraisals? What consideration will be given to local environmental influence? (for example, volatility of foreign exchange rate fluctuations, availability of skilled labour, political instability, corruption and so on) * Is the appraisal positively incorporated into the career development process? * Are head office managers cognisant of the local business environment? * Are there any cultural influences that may distort the measurement of the expatriate’s performance? In order to overcome the biases of the two groups who evaluate the expatriate managers’ performance, it is recommended to implement 360-degree feedback.